Ancient Contributions

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• Ancient Contributions
• Hippocrates (ca. 460-360 B.C.), founder of
  medicine
• Plato (427-347 B.C.), argued for importance of
  exercise
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), first scholarly works
  on movement in animals
• Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), principle underlying
  hydrostatic weighing
• Galen (129-199 A.D.) an early precursor to
  textbook of Shea Wright

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Middle Ages 350-1350 AD

• _____________
• involved extreme self-denial (including
  development of the physical) in order to ensure
  spiritual self
• _________________
• involved full commitment to the development of
  the mind as opposed to the body

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Renaissance and Reformation (ca. 1350-1650 AD)

• Rebirth and change were the order of the day
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), detailed drawings
  of human anatomy and physique
• _________ (1564-1642), formalization of physics

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New Beginnings (18 19th centuries)

• Sir Issac Newton (1642-1727), laws of motion
• Wilhem Wundt (1870s), training the mind
• Development of Swedish and German Gymnastics
  systems in 1800s
• Association for Advancement of Physical Education
  founded in _____

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Early Programs in Physical Education

• Dudley Sargent (late 1800s), Director of
  Hemingway Gymnasium (110, 000)
• Harvard University (1891),4 yr degree in anatomy,
  physiology, and physical training (curriculum
  included experimental physics, zoology, general
  anatomy, comparative anatomy, English, foreign
  languages, anthropometry, applied anatomy, animal
  mechanics, and gymnastics and athletics.

Texas AM University Student Rec Center built at
a cost of 36.4 million
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Emergence of a discipline

• A discipline is an organized body of knowledge
  collectively embraced in a formal course of
  learning. Its principle function is to develop a
  coherent body of knowledge that describes,
  explains, and predicts key phenomena from the
  domain of interest (or area of study)
• (From Abernethy et al. 1997, The Biophysical
  Foundations of Human Movement)

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AAKPE Nature of the Field

• A. Physical Activity Focus
• posture, locomotion, manipulation,
  communication
• daily living, dance, sport, and work
• B. Concentration primarily on human (the
• individual, but should include groups,
• (e.g., special populations) as well as society
  in general.
• C. Interdisciplinary approach (see C1-C4)
• D. Outcome or performance base
• E. Professional training (but beyond training
• teachers)

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Inter-disciplinary nature of this discipline

• Movement and biological sciences
• anatomical kinesiology, exercise physiology,
  health fitness
• Movement coordination, control and skill
• biomechanics, motor control, motor learning,
  motor development, adapted PE
• Movement and the individual self
• sport psychology
• Movement, society, and culture
• sport psychology, motor development, sport
  sociology, sport history, sport management

From AAKPE, 1997
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Potential Pitfall in the discipline Fragmentation

• greater specialization of faculty, training, and
  programs
• reliance on literature from broader fields
  (physiology,engineering, psychology, education)
• proliferation of societies
• proliferation of journals

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Whats in a name?

• increased rigor (see next slide)
• more emphasis in cross-disciplinary approach
  (kinesiology is better fit)
• reduced need for PE teachers
• less time spent in classroom/more time in
  recreation activity
• broader professional scope

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The need for increased rigor

• GRE (1984-1987)
• Physics (1) V568, Q692, T 1260
• PE (95) V421, Q483, T 904
• SAT (1990 1st yr. Umass Students)
• Sp. Management 928
• Prof. Prep 890
• Ex. Sci. 1003

(Taken from Katch, 1989)
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Kinesiology

• Comprehensive and systematic study of physical
  activity. It is a field of academic inquiry
  concerned with understanding how and why people
  are physically active, and the factors that limit
  or enhance our capacity for physical activity
• where physical activity is considered to be
• an intentional, voluntary movement directed
  toward achieving an identifiable goal

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Profession

• Professions, as a general rule, try to improve
  the conditions of society by providing regulated
  services in which practices and
  education/training programs are developed that
  are in accordance with knowledge available from
  one or more disciplines
• identifiable tasks performed
• framework developed within publicly recognized
  organization
• certain education or training requirements
• political recognition
• code of ethics or standards for acceptable
  practice

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Broad Professional Agenda

• ________
• ________
• ______ ______
• ______ ______
• _________
• __________
• ___________
• ___________

• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• ______________

Taken From Newell, 1989
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Disciplines and Professions The relationship
Facts Theories Principles Laws

• Definitions
• Descriptions
• Relationships
• Causes
• Effects

• Objectives
• Programs
• Teaching
• Training
• Learning
• Evaluation

Needs Problems Observations Confirmations
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Kinesiology Subjective Experience

• Unique in that everyone experiences physical
  activity which provides a contributing
  perspective
• self -sufficiency
• self-expression
• work
• education
• leisure
• health
• competition

Modified from Hoffman Harris, 2000
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Kinesiology Subjective Experience

• Self-sufficiency
• ADL
• Aging
• Disease State
• Self-expression
• Gestures
• Dances
• Rituals

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Kinesiology Subjective Experience

• Work
• Intensity
• Efficiency
• injury and ergonomics
• Education
• K-12
• Leisure
• physical activity
• sport watching

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Physically Educated NASPE 1995

• Demonstrates competency in many movement forms
  and proficiency in a few movement forms
• applies movement concepts and principles to the
  learning and development of motor skills
• exhibit a physically active lifestyle
• Achieves and maintains a health-enhancing level
  of physical fitness
• demonstrates responsible personal and social
  behavior in physical activity settings
• demonstrates an understanding and respect for
  differences among people in physical activity
  settings
• understands that physical activity provides the
  opportunities for enjoyment, challenge,
  self-expression, and social interaction

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Kinesiology Subjective Experience

• Health
• in 1992 13. 6 of GDP spent on health care
• prevention (physical and psychological
  well-being)
• intervention
• Competition (not just sport!)
• teams (varsity, intramural)
• individual
• impersonal

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