PSYCHOLOGY Schools of Thought

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PSYCHOLOGYSchools of Thought Theorist
Information

• Fall 2006
• Mrs. Bailey

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Schools of Thought

• Biological
• Behaviorist
• Psychoanalytic
• Humanist
• Cognitive

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BIOLOGICAL

• Stress the genetic, medical, and neurological
  components of the person
• Behavior is influenced by biological factors
• Changes in the body help determine actions and
  behavior changes
• Also known as neuropsychology, biopsychology,
  psychobiology, behavioral neuroscience, and
  physiological psychology

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BEHAVIORIST

• Stress the connection between stimulus/response
  and behavior/reward
• View the environment as instrumental in behavior
• Behavior is determined by the actions that
  are/were rewarded or punished

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Edward Thorndike

• Law of Effect
• Behavior that is followed by consequences
  satisfying to the organism will be repeated, and
  behavior that is followed by noxious or
  unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

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John B. Watson - Behaviorist

• Inspired by Ivan Pavlov
• Dismissed heredity as a significant factor is
  determining human behavior
• Believed humans were more complicated than
  animals, but operated on the same principles
• Published an article on his studies and
  essentially started Behaviorist Psychology

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B.F. Skinner - Behaviorist

• Excited by the work of Watson and Pavlov
• Determined it was not the stimulus, but rather
  the after effect that prompted behavior
• Coined the term Operant Behavior and Operant
  Conditioning
• Developed Programmed Instruction

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Ivan Pavlov

• Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1904
• Studied the digestive process/determined it is
  controlled by the nervous system
• Discovered conditioned reflexes

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PSYCHOANALYTIC

• Behavior is determined by primal drives and the
  experiences of early childhood
• Emphasizes the unconscious mind
• Some focus on the relevance of feelings of
  inferiority
• Others stress the resolution of psychosocial or
  psychosexual conflicts

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Sigmund Freud

• Psychosexual Stages of Development
• Influential - global theory - rules for
  predicting behavior
• Two basic instincts sexual and aggressive
• Three levels of consciousness Id, Ego, and
  Superego

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Erik Erikson

• 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
• Extends Freudian psychosexual theory
• Encompasses entire life cycle
• Concept of identity crisis
• Recognizes influence of society, history
  culture on personality

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Eriksons 8 Stages
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Karen Horney

• Conditions of Learning
• The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
• Neurotic Needs

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Basic Neurotic Needs That

• Move an individual toward people
• Affection and approval
• Fear of being alone/need for partner
• Prestige/self-confidence and personal identity
  rest on the expectation of receiving recognition
  from others
• Personal admiration
• Move an individual away from people
• Restrict ones life within narrow borders
• Self-sufficiency and independence
• Perfection/mistakes are seen as weakness
• Move an individual against people
• Power and control/do anything to obtain them
• Exploit others/relieves feelings of helplessness
  and insecurity
• Personal achievement/achieve more, even at
  expense of others
• See page 213 of our text

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Carl Jung

• Personality Archetypes
• Personal Unconscious
• Collective Unconscious
• Introversion and Extroversion
• Believed in primitive, spiritual, and moral
  aspects of life
• Analytic Psychology

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Jungs Archetypes

• Persona
• people wear masks in public to hide their true
  nature
• Respond to social pressures, traditions, need for
  acceptance
• Anima and animus elements of the opposite sex
• Anima/female side of men
• Animus/male side of women
• Provide shading and balance to the personality,
  enable sexes to understand and respond to each
  other
• Shadow
• Primitive side of personality
• Hide socially unacceptable thoughts/desires/traits
  behind persona
• Self
• Regarded as life goal-strive for unity and
  completeness
• Joining of conscious and unconscious mind to be
  completed self

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Alfred Adler

• Individual psychology
• Placed social needs on an equal basis with
  Freuds sex drives
• Social urges
• Creative self inner system that guides the
  individual toward a fulfilling life

1870-1937, a Viennese psychiatrist
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Adlers other concepts

• Feelings of Inferiority
• Compensation/attempt to deal with specific causes
• Fictional Finalism
• Driven by ideals that may be pure fiction, but
  pursue with great determination
• Social Interest
• Desire to make community a better place to live

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HUMANIST

• Emphasize the concept that people are in control
  of their own destiny
• People try to satisfy both basic and enriching
  needs striving for personal achievement
• Self-concept is important
• Emphasize the inherent worth of the individual

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Abraham Maslow

• Self Actualization
• Hierarchy of Needs
• Believed psychology should study healthy people
• People basically good
• If basic needs are met, then happy, productive
  lives result

1908-1970, American Psychologist
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Basic or Deficiency Needs
Metaneeds

• Cognitive
• Need to know, understand, explore
• Aesthetic
• Desire to bring beauty order to ones life
• Self-actualization
• Desire for self-fulfillment
• Realization of individual potential

• Physiological Needs
• Bodys requirements
• Safety Needs
• Feeling safe/secure
• Love
• Belong to groups, receive/give affection,
  maintain friendships
• Esteem
• Recognition, achievement, competence

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Maslow on Human NatureFive Basic Concepts

• Essential nature of needs, capacities, and
  tendencies are good
• To reach maturity, people should grow from within
  rather than be shaped from without to fulfill
  their potential
• Mental illness results when basic needs are not
  satisfied, which twists their inner nature
• Inner nature is weak, delicate, subtle which can
  be stunted by cultural pressures
• Potential goodness is seen as people mature or
  become self-actualized

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Self-actualized people

• Perceive reality better than most individuals
• Accept themselves, others, natural world do not
  worry about what cannot control
• Spontaneous thoughts/behavior but not bizarre or
  unusual behaviors
• Focus on problems outside selves, not
  self-centered
• Do not allow social pressures to rule lives
• Continued enjoyment from activities theyve done
  many times before
• Open to spiritual or mystic experiences, not
  necessarily religious
• Identify with humanity in a positive manner
• Deep emotional relationships with a limited
  number of people
• Democratic in values and attitudes free of
  prejudice
• Enjoy process of reaching and achievement of
  goals
• Enjoy humorous situation without turning the
  humor into hostility
• Capable of great creativity in different manners
• Part of culture, but do not blindly conform to
  standards

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Carl Rogers

• Client Centered Therapy
• 3 Basic Rules
• Limitations
• Experiential Learning
• Nondirective therapy

1902-1987, American Psychologist
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COGNITIVE

• Focus on the mental processing of the individual
• Difficulties often stem from false perceptions of
  reality
• People develop ideas of the world and base their
  judgments upon these perceptions
• Some theorists believe it is stage related

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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

• Death and Bereavement
• Allow dying to have dignity and humanity
• Wrote On Death and Dying
• See bio box on page 428-429

1926- , Switzerland
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Kubler-Ross Model
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Jerome Bruner

• Constructivism Applied to Education
• Constructivist Theory
• Discovery Learning
• "Learners are encouraged to discover facts and
  relationships for themselves."

1915 - , American
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Noam Chomsky

• Language/Linguistics
• Theory of Generative Grammar
• Chomsky Hierarchy

1928- , Professor at MIT
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Howard Gardner

• Theories of Multiple Intelligence
• Argued Intelligence tests only focus on
  linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences

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Lawrence Kohlberg

• Stages of Moral Development
• Found judgment of behavior varied with level of
  moral development
• Focused on HOW people make decisions not on the
  behavior that might result from the decisions
• Role playing consider moral dilemmas from
  anothers point of view

Harvard Psychologist
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Lev Vygotsky

• Social interaction plays a vital role in the
  development of cognition
• Zone of Proximal Development
• Difference between what a child can do with help
  and without guidance

1896-1934 , Russian Psychologist
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Jean Piaget

• Four Stages of Cognitive Development
• Assimilation
• Absorbing new concepts and experiences,
  incorporating them into existing cognitive
  structures/behaviors
• Accommodation
• Modifying previously developed though
  processes/behaviors to adapt to a new concept or
  experience
• Stressed parental love and interaction, physical
  and intellectual stimulation

1896-1980, Swiss Psychologist
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Piagets Four Stages of Cognitive Development
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Albert Bandura

• Observational Learning Theory or Social Learning
  Theory
• People can learn by observing and imitating the
  behavior of others
• Often considered the father of the cognitist
  movement

1925- , Canadian/Stanford Psychologist