Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders

1
Abnormal PsychologyA.K.A. Psychological Disorders

• A harmful dysfunction in which behavior is
  judged to be maladaptive, unjustifiable, atypical
  or disturbing.

2
MUDA

• A mnemonic device used to remember the four
  attributes of a psychological disorder
• Maladaptive
• Unjustifiable
• Disturbing
• Atypical

3
Maladaptive

• An exaggeration of normal, acceptable behaviors
• Destructive to oneself or others

4
Unjustifiable

• A behavior which does not have a rational basis

5
Disturbing

• A behavior which is troublesome to other people

6
Atypical

• A behavior so different from other peoples
  behavior that it violates a norm
• Norms vary from culture to culture

7
Understanding Psychological Disorders

• Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders
  include trephination, exorcism, being caged like
  animals, being beaten, burned, castrated,
  mutilated, or transfused with animals blood.

John W. Verano
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove
evil forces)
8
History of Mental Disorders

• In the 1800s, disturbed people were no longer
  thought of as madmen, but as mentally ill.

They were first put in hospitals.
Did this mean better treatment?
9
Early Mental Hospitals

• They were nothing more than barbaric prisons.

• The patients were chained and locked away.

• Some hospitals even charged admission for the
  public to see the crazies, just like a zoo.

10
Philippe Pinel

• Pinel said take the chains off and declare that
  these people are sick a cure must be found!!!

11
Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective Cause of the Disorder
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic Failure to strive to ones potential or being out of touch with ones feelings.
Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment.
Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking.
Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society
Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.
12
Classifying Psychological Disorders

• The American Psychiatric Association rendered a
  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
  Disorders (DSM) to classify, and describe
  psychological symptoms of the disorders. It does
  not explain causes or possible cures.

The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text
Revision, 2000), describes 400 psychological
disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.
13
Multiaxial Classification
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood
disorders 16 syndromes) present?
Axis I
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
present?
Axis II
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes,
hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
Axis III
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems
(school or housing issues) also present?
Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the persons
functioning?
Axis V
14
Multiaxial Classification
Note 16 syndromes in Axis I
15
Multiaxial Classification
Note Global Assessment for Axis V
16
Goals of DSM

1. Describe (400) disorders.
2. Determine how prevalent the disorder is.

Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable.
Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals
are similar.
Others criticize DSM-IV for putting any kind of
behavior within the compass of psychiatry.
17
Anxiety Disorders

• a group of conditions where the primary symptoms
  are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
• the patient fears something awful will happen to
  them.
• They are in a state of intense apprehension,
  uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

18
Generalized Anxiety DisorderGAD

• An anxiety disorder in which a person is
  continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state
  of autonomic nervous system arousal.
• The patient is constantly tense and worried,
  feels inadequate, is oversensitive, cant
  concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

19
Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long
  episode of intense dread in which a person
  experiences terror and accompanying chest pain,
  choking and other frightening sensations.

20
Phobia

• Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an
  object or situation that disrupts behavior.

21
Phobias

• A person experiences sudden episodes of intense
  dread.
• Must be an irrational fear.
• Phobia List

22
Kinds of Phobias
Phobia of open places.
Agoraphobia
Phobia of heights.
Acrophobia
Phobia of closed spaces.
Claustrophobia
Phobia of blood.
Hemophobia
23
Obsessive-compulsive disorder

• Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause
  someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage
  in a particular action.
• Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to
  compulsive hand washing.

24
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and
  urges to engage in senseless rituals
  (compulsions) that cause distress.

25
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Four or more weeks of the following symptoms
  constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

1. Haunting memories

2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
Bettmann/ Corbis
26
Somatoform Disorders

• Occur when a person manifests a psychological
  problem through a physiological symptom.

27
Hypochondriasis

• Has frequent physical complaints for which
  medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.
• They usually believe that the minor issues
  (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more
  severe illnesses.

28
Dissociative Disorders

• These disorders involve a disruption in the
  conscious process.
• Three types.

29
Dissociative Amnesia

• A person cannot remember things with no
  physiological basis for the disruption in memory.
• Retrograde Amnesia
• NOT organic amnesia.
• Organic amnesia can be retrograde or antrograde.

30
Dissociative Fugue

• People with psychogenic amnesia that find
  themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

31
Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Used to be known as Multiple Personality
  Disorder.
• A person has several rather than one integrated
  personality.
• People with DID commonly have a history of
  childhood abuse or trauma.

32
Mood Disorders

• Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

33
Mood Disorders

1. Major depressive disorder
2. Bipolar disorder
3. Seasonal Affective Disorder
4. Post- Partum Depression

34
Major Depression

• Depressed for at least two weeks with no apparent
  cause.

35
Major Depressive Disorder

• Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of
  depression last two weeks or more and are not
  caused by drugs or medical conditions.

Signs include

1. Lethargy and fatigue
2. Feelings of worthlessness
3. Loss of interest in family friends
4. Loss of interest in activities

36
Bipolar Disorder

• Formally manic depression.
• Involves periods of depression and manic
  episodes.
• Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy
  (but they tend to differ a lotsome get confident
  and some get irritable).
• Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

37
Bipolar Disorder

• Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An
  alternation between depression and mania signals
  bipolar disorder.

Manic Symptoms
Depressive Symptoms
Elation
Gloomy
Euphoria
Withdrawn
Desire for action
Inability to make decisions
Hyperactive
Tired
Multiple ideas
Slowness of thought
38
Bipolar Disorder
Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered
from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase
creativity surged, but not during their depressed
phase.
Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
The Granger Collection
Bettmann/ Corbis
39
Seasonal Affective Disorder

• Experience depression during the winter months.
• Based not on temperature, but on amount of
  sunlight.
• Treated with light therapy.

40
Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images
Post-partum depression
41
Depression Cycle

1. Negative stressful events.
2. Pessimistic explanatory style.
3. Hopeless depressed state.
4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and
   acts, fueling personal rejection.

42
Schizophrenic Disorders

• The literal translation is split mind. A group
  of severe disorders characterized by the
  following
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Disorganized thinking.
• Disturbed Perceptions
• Inappropriate Emotions and Innappropraite Actions

43
Disorganized Thinking

• The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is
  fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false
  beliefs.
• Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in
  selective attention.- they cannot filter out
  information.

44
Delusions (false beliefs)

• Delusions of Persecution

• Delusions of Grandeur

45
Disorganized Delusional Thinking
This morning when I was at Hillside Hospital, I
was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie
stars Im Marry Poppins. Is this room painted
blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four
weeks after my eighteenth birthday.
(Sheehan, 1982)
Other forms of delusions include, delusions of
persecution (someone is following me) or
grandeur (I am a king).
This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre
thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions
(Im Mary Poppins).
46
Disturbed Perceptions

• A schizophrenic person may perceive things that
  are not there (hallucinations). Frequently such
  hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual,
  somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.

L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection,
University of Heidelberg
August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn
Collection, University of Heidelberg
Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
47
Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

• Laugh at inappropriate times.
• Flat Affect
• Senseless, compulsive acts.
• Word Salad
• Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

48
Subtypes of Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders. These
  subtypes share some features, but there are other
  symptoms that differentiate these subtypes.

49
Disorganized Schizophrenia

• disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or
  inappropriate emotion.
• Clang associations
• "Imagine the worstSystematic, sympatheticQuite
  pathetic, apologetic, paramedicYour heart is
  prosthetic"

50
Paranoid Schizophrenia

• preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations.
• Somebody is out to get me!!!!

51
Catatonic Schizophrenia

• Flat effect
• Waxy Flexibility
• parrot like repeating of anothers speech and
  movements

52
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

• Many and varied Symptoms.

53
Understanding Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited
  by the symptoms of the mind.

Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine Overactivity Researchers found that
schizophrenic patients express higher levels of
dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
54
Abnormal Brain Activity

• Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal
  cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic
  patients. Adolescent schizophrenic patients also
  have brain lesions.

Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory
of Neuro Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National
Institute of Mental Health
55
Abnormal Brain Morphology

• Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological
  changes in the brain like enlargement of
  fluid-filled ventricles.

Both Photos Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger,
M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC
56
Viral Infection

• Schizophrenia has also been observed in
  individuals who contracted a viral infection
  (flu) during the middle of their fetal
  development.

57
Genetic Factors

• The likelihood of an individual suffering from
  schizophrenia is 50 if their identical twin has
  the disease (Gottesman, 1991).

58
Psychological Factors

• Psychological and environmental factors can
  trigger schizophrenia if the individual is
  genetically predisposed (Nicols Gottesman,
  1983).

The genetically identical Genain sisters suffer
from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus
there are contributing environmental factors.
Courtesy of Genain Family
Genain Sisters
59
Personality Disorders

• Personality disorders are characterized by
  inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that
  impair social functioning. They are usually
  without anxiety, depression, or delusions.

60
Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Lack of empathy.
• Little regard for others feelings.
• View the world as hostile and look out for
  themselves.

61
Antisocial Personality Disorder

• A disorder in which the person (usually men)
  exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,
  even toward friends and family members. Formerly,
  this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.

62
Dependent Personality Disorder

• Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

63
Histrionic Personality Disorder

• Needs to be the center of attention.
• Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

64
Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.
• Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

65
Schizoid Personality Disorder

• People with schizoid personality disorder avoid
  relationships and do not show much emotion

They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not
secretly wish for popularity.
66
Borderline Personality Disorder

• characterized by mood instability and poor
  self-image

People with this disorder are prone to constant
mood swings and bouts of anger.
67
Borderline Personality Disorder

• they will take their anger out on themselves,
  causing themselves injury

Suicidal threats and actions are not uncommon
They are quick to anger when their expectations
are not met.
68
Other Disorders

• Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, etc)
• Fetishism
• Sadist, Masochist
• Eating Disorders
• Substance use disorders
• ADHD