Economic Growth and Westward Expansion

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Economic Growth and Westward Expansion

• Unit 4

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SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of
economic growth, its regional and national impact
in the first half of the 19th century, and the
different responses to it. a. Explain the impact
of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli
Whitneys invention of the cotton gin and his
development of interchangeable parts for muskets.
b. Describe the westward growth of the United
States include the emerging concept of Manifest
Destiny. c. Describe reform movements,
specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public
school. d. Explain womens efforts to gain
suffrage include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the
Seneca Falls Conference. e. Explain Jacksonian
Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of
popular political culture, and the development of
American nationalism. SSUSH8 The student will
explain the relationship between growing
north-south divisions and westward expansion. a.
Explain how slavery became a significant issue in
American politics include the slave rebellion of
Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William
Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the
Grimke sisters). b. Explain the Missouri
Compromise and the issue of slavery in western
states and territories. c. Describe the
Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states
rights ideology include the role of John C.
Calhoun and development of sectionalism. d.
Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot
Proviso. e. Explain how the Compromise of 1850
arose out of territorial expansion and population
growth.
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Industrialization and the Industrial Revolution

• During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
  centuries, the western world experienced the
  Industrial Revolution.
• Industrialization the transitioning from manual
  to power-driven factory labor.
• This was a time when advances in technology led
  to massive economic changes.
• Before this, national economies relied on
  artisans, merchants, and farmers.
• The industrial revolution had begun in Europe and
  spread to the United States.

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Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts

• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which
  allowed people to process cotton much faster.
• In the South this causes cotton farms to expand
  rapidly, gaining the name cotton kingdom. This
  also led to a dependency on slave labor.
• Whitney also developed the idea of
  interchangeable parts while building muskets.
• Each part of the musket was made so detailed that
  it could be used on any musket. This led many
  industries to do the same.

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Effects of Industrial Revolution

• Factories relied on mechanization (the use of
  machinery).
• Manual labor is going to be replaced, allowing
  for mass production of resources and goods.
• Many new inventions also developed out of this
  time period.
• Samuel Slater Use only machines in factories.
• Robert Fulton Steam Powered Boat.
• Samuel Morse Telegraph
• John Deere Steel Plow
• Cyrus McCormick Reaper

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Effects Cont.

• Another effect from the Industrial Revolution was
  Sectionalism.
• Sectionalism refers to the economic, social,
  cultural, and political differences that exist
  between different parts of the country.
• In the North, business rely on factories and
  cheap immigrant labor(Irish Immigrants).
• In the South the begin to rely on the plantation
  system and slavery.
• This leads to bitter disputes because of the
  strains placed on the nation.
• The industrial revolution helped set the nation
  on a course of westward expansion and civil war.

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Samuel Slater

• 1793 - Samuel Slater opened a textile mill in
  Pawtucket Rhode Island
• power)- Start of the Industrial Revolution in
  America
• - Factories were built along rivers and streams
  (water

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Industrial Revolution

• Steam Power - factories began using steam engines
• - Robert Fulton - built the 1st
  steamboat (Clermont)
• Railroads provided transportation where water
  travel was impossible
• - 1830s Inventors began building steam
  locomotives
• - 1850 - railroads began passing canals as the
  main form of transportation

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Impact on Communication

• 1837- Samuel F. B. Morse developed
  electromagnetic telegraph
• - Messages tapped in code carried by copper
  wire
• - Businesses railroads transmitted information

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Midwest Farming

• Cyrus McCormick invented mechanical reaper
• - Enabled 1 farmer to the work of 5
• Farmers shifted from subsistence farming to
  growing cash crops

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Midwest Farming

• John Deere invented steel plow that took less
  power to pull
• - Farmers replaced oxen with horses

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Two Economic Systems Develop

• Farmers put all their efforts into growing cotton
  due to its value (1830 Cotton made up 50 of the
  U.S. exports)
• Poor non-slave holding farmers went west to
  cultivate cotton
• Plantation system established in Louisiana,
  Mississippi
• Cotton was hugely profitable
• By 1820s - demand for slaves increased
• Increase in cotton production paralleled increase
  in slave population
• Slavery became entrenched

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Westward Growth and Manifest Destiny
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Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny is the concept that Americas
  westward expansion was providential, or from a
  divine inspiration.
• Manifest destiny and the belief that European
  settlers had the right to own whatever land they
  claimed, would erode Native American cultures
  east and west of the Mississippi River.

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Annexation of Texas

• In 1821 Mexico gained independence, as well as
  Texas.
• The only problem was that US settlers had moved
  into Texas.
• In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power and
  tightened Mexicos grip on Texas.
• Texans under the leadership of Sam Houston rebel
  against Santa Anna, and on March 2, 1836 they
  declared independence from Mexico.
• Santa Anna answered with military force.

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The Alamo

• On March 6, 1836, a small group of Texans took a
  stand against Santa Anna at an old
  mission(church) called The Alamo.
• Despite their resistance Santa Annas forces were
  to strong.
• Every Texan was killed during the resistance, or
  executed after.
• Davie Crockett of Tennessee was one.

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Result of Texas Annexation

• After a series of battles, Texans eventually
  defeated Santa Anna and took him hostage.
• The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas
  independence in return for his freedom.
• President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit Texas,
  but had opposition in the North.
• Northerners feared the state would become a slave
  state in the south. They also feared it would be
  divided into several small states, all being
  slave states.
• Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it
  was admitted by James K. Polk.

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Oregon Territory

• With Texas taken care of, James K. Polk turned
  his attention to Oregon.
• In 1827 Great Britain had reaffirmed their
  agreement to occupy this territory jointly.
• With many moving into Oregon, Polk claimed the US
  had rights up to the 5440N.
• This led many to promote the slogan 54,40, or
  fight!.

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The Oregon Trail

• People traveled along the Oregon Trail - trail
  from Independence, MO to Portland, OR
• - Started at Independence, Missouri crossed the
  Platte River and continued through the South Past
  into modern-day northeast Utah
• - Pioneers used Conestoga wagons pushed
  handcarts (trip took months)
• Trail Split in Utah
• - Branch of the trail went across desert to
  California
• - Oregon Trail continued northwest to the
  Colombia River

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Result of Oregon Territory

• Great Britain was irritated with Polks stance.
• Britain had also gotten what they needed from the
  territory, and felt trade was more important.
• A treaty would be signed drawing the official
  boundary at the 49th parallel.
• In 1846 Oregon became a US territory.

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Gadsden Purchase

• Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.
• President Polk still believed in Manifest
  Destiny, so he sends General Zachary Taylor to
  the Texas border.
• Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle
  disputes over the border between Mexico and US,
  and the purchase of California and New Mexico.
• The Mexican president refused to meet with
  Slidell, so Polk sent Taylor into the disputed
  territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande
  rivers.
• Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande in
  response, and Polk immediately asked congress to
  declare war on Mexico.

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Gadsden Cont.

• On February 2, 1848 the war officially was ended
  with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
• This required Mexico to surrender the New Mexico
  and California territories to the United States
  in exchange for financial compensation.
• In 1853 a dispute still remained over the border
  so President Franklin Pierce sent James Gadsden
  to negotiate land for the Southern
  Transcontinental Railroad.
• The United States gained parts of present-day New
  Mexico and Arizona in exchange for 10 Million.
• This completed the vision many had for westward
  expansion and Manifest Destiny.

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California

• In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.
• The following year, gold seekers from all over
  the world came to be known as 49ers.
• This led to the Gold Rush of 1849.
• This led to a need for a stable government in
  California.
• When congress didnt make a decision on how to
  admit the state (free or slave), California
  adopted its own constitution.
• Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress
  admitted California as a free state on September
  9, 1850.

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Indian Removal Act

• In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act.
• With this the federal government also established
  the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), planned for the
  removal of Native Americans living east of the
  Mississippi, and set aside funds for housing,
  supplies, and farming tools.

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The Cherokee Fight Back

• Worcester v. Georgiastate cannot rule Cherokee
  or invade their land
• President Jackson ignored ruling
• - John Marshall made his decision now let him
  enforce it
• - Only time in U.S. history that President
  openly defied a Supreme Court ruling
• Some Cherokee tried to continue court fight
• Minority favor relocation
• - Federal agents sign treaty with minority
  relocation began
• By 1838, 20,000 remained

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Trail of Tears

• By 1837 Andrew Jackson had orchestrated the
  forced relocation of some 45,000 Native Americans
  to the west of the Mississippi.
• Thousands of Cherokee Indians died along the way
  in a journey that became known as the Trail of
  Tears.
• This relocation opened up lands in Georgia and
  Alabama for white settlers.

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Homestead Act

• In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed the
  Homestead Act.
• This opened about 270 million acres west of the
  Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by
  offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to
  farm it for five years, or purchase it for 1.25
  per acre after six months.
• In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in the
  entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed in
  effect until 1986.

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Reform Movements in the United States

• Temperance, Abolition, and Education

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Temperance Movement

• People in the United States began to look to the
  government for guidance.
• One area they looked to was temperance, or the
  belief that people should limit or eliminate the
  use of alcoholic beverages.
• This idea was especially popular with women.
  They felt that excessive use of alcohol was
  partly the blame for family violence, crime, and
  poverty.
• Many states pass laws that ban alcohol, but the
  United states doesnt do so until 1919 with the
  Volstead Act and 18th Amendment.

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Abolition Movement

• Slavery had been an issue since the creation of
  the United States.
• It caused division, especially between the
  Northern and Southern states.
• George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette had
  debated this topic during Washingtons
  presidency. Lafayette questioned how a man of
  Washingtons integrity could yet own slaves.
• The Second Great Awakening occurred in the 1820s
  and helped spark an abolitionist movement.

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Abolition Cont.

• In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison began to publish
  the Liberator, a pro-abolition newspaper.
• More abolition papers would be sent out
  throughout the North.
• The American Anti-Slavery Society denounced
  slavery as a sin and was instrumental in the
  movement to abolish slavery.
• Speakers such as Frederick Douglass, Wendell
  Philips, and Lucy Stone helped further the case
  of the North.
• Abolitionist also helped those enslaved escape to
  the North.
• Slavery would be abolished after the Civil War
  with the 13th Amendment.

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Public Schools

• Horace Mann was a 19th century reformer who
  believed in temperance, abolition, womens
  rights, and the reform of mental institutions.
• He wanted to focus however on public school
  education.
• Mann created public schools that were state
  funded and mandatory.
• He felt that too much local control of the
  schools meant unsatisfactory education,
  especially in rural areas.
• Horace Mann also helped establish the first
  state-run teacher training program.

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Womens Rights Movements
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Womens Rights

• Until 1920, most women in the United States did
  not have suffrage (the right to vote).
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
  organized a large assembly in Seneca Falls, New
  York, in 1848.
• Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when
  Mott was denied a seat at an antislavery meeting
  in London.
• Over 200 people attended the confrence, including
  Frederick Douglass.
• The voted on and approved the Declaration of
  Sentiments, calling for equal rights in
  education, property rights, and voting.
• Susan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both
  Temperance and Womens Suffrage.

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Public Roles For WomenA Womens Rights Movement

• In 1840, many American abolitionists attended the
  first World Anti-Slavery Convention in London
• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton both
  attended the convention and resented their
  exclusion from it
• Eight years later, the women organized a
  convention on womens rights.

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Turning Point Seneca Falls Convention

• The Seneca Falls Convention was the first womens
  rights convention in the United States History.
• Stanton wrote and presented a historic set of
  resolutions called a Declaration of Sentiments
• The Convention passed 12 resolutions - The most
  controversial - - WOMENS SUFFRAGE
• Signed by 68 women and 32 men
• They protested the lack of legal and political
  rights for women.
• It also urged women to demand these rights

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Jacksonian Democracy

• Expanding Suffrage, Popular Political Culture,
  American Nationalism

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Andrew Jackson

• Jackson was born into a poor, uneducated family.
  He worked his way up achieving success.
• Jackson was also a hero during the War of 1812 at
  the Battle of New Orleans.
• During his political career Jackson was seen as a
  supporter for the common man.
• Jackson was also very popular with wester
  frontier settlers.
• Jackson decided to use his popularity to run for
  President in 1824.

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A Corrupt Bargain

• The election of 1824 proved the sectional
  differences in the United States.
• The presidential election was divided up among
  candidates from the North (John Q. Adams), the
  South (William Crawford), and the West (Andrew
  Jackson and Henry Clay).
• The final election came down between John Q.
  Adams and Andrew Jackson.
• The vote went to the House of Representatives
  were Henry Clay used his vote to elect Adams.

• Jackson along with his followers soon protested,
  however, when it was learned that Clay would soon
  be named Secretary of State.
• Jackson denounced this and called it a corrupt
  bargain made to give Adams the presidency.
• Four years later Jackson would be elected
  President, and he would change the structure of
  politics in the United States.

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Members of Corrupt Bargain
versus
Andrew Jackson
John Q. Adams
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Jacksons Presidency

• Jacksons politics lead to a new brand of
  politics called Jacksonian Democracy.
• He believed strongly in western expansion and the
  rights of white frontier settlers.
• Jackson hated the fact that eastern elites and
  politicians who favored the wealthy, passed laws
  to help the wealthy over small land owners.
• Jackson favored Universal Suffrage he believed
  that all white men should be free to vote, not
  just those who owned land.

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Jackson Presidency Cont.

• With Jacksons support many states begin to drop
  the property requirement for vote, opening voting
  to many in the Untied States.
• This also allows common men like Jackson to win
  public office.
• Jackson did not offer to extend to right to vote
  to women, blacks, or Native Americans.
• Jackson also expanded the power of the President
  while in office.
• He defied the Supreme Court by removing the
  Cherokee from their lands in Georgia (Worchester
  v. Georgia).

• When south Carolina threatened to secede over
  tariffs and states rights, Jackson passed the
  Force Bill (allowed Jackson to use the military
  to enforce laws)
• Jackson felt the president should have ore power
  and say than congress.
• Jackson was a strict interpreter of the
  constitution and felt the federal government
  should be restricted to those powers only given
  to them.
• Jackson used his power to close the second
  national bank.

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Spoils System

• Once in office Jackson instituted a policy of
  rewarding his political supporters with
  government positions.
• This policy became known as the spoils system.
• This set precedent for rewarding faithful
  supporters with government jobs.
• Jackson felt that this was a great way to
  encourage common people to become politically
  involved and ensure the wealthy did not dominate
  government.

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The Two-Party System

• Differences between politicians would eventually
  lead to the development of different political
  parties.
• Jackson took on the name Democrat, while his
  opponents took on the name National
  Republicans.
• Many of the National Republicans would later form
  the Whig Party (Opposed King George during the
  Revolution).
• After the era of good feelings, the two-party
  system returned with a vengeance.

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Effect of Two-Party System

• With the end of Jacksons term and the election
  of 1836, modern politics began to take form.
• Martin Van Burens presidential campaign gave
  birth to the common expression O.K., which
  stood for Old Kinderhook.
• Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the
  Democrat way of approving government documents
  with the initials O.K., meaning oll korrect.
  This was Jacksons way of spelling all correct.
• You begin to see candidate bashing and slander
  used in political campaigns.

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Creating a National Identity

• After the War of 1812, America has a new sense of
  National Identity.
• We have stood up to the British twice, and we are
  becoming a major economic power.
• With the Monroe Doctrine, we have announced our
  views on foreign policy in the West.
• America will soon become a world power in foreign
  policy. Many countries will turn to the United
  States for input on decisions.

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Rise of Nationalism

• People began to take pride in America
• Belief that Americans were unique and did not
  have to follow the lead of other countries
• 1806 Noah Webster published a dictionary
• - Helped create an American version of the
  English language
• 1816 Republican James Monroe became president
• - Began Era of good Feelings
• Federalist Party dissolved as a result of its
  poor showing

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Changes in Education

• Workers wanted to educate their children
• Americans had long valued education
• - Believed it was necessary for democracy
• - Few Children were able to obtain an education
  
• 1830s Americans demanded change
• 1834 - Pennsylvania established tax-supported
  public school system
• Massachusetts established a state board of
  education
• Horace Mann called for free public education
  (great equalizer)
• - Established teacher training, curriculum
  reforms
• 1850 Many northern states had elementary
  schools paid for by public taxes
• - More young people gained the chance to attend
  high school and college

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Slavery and the rise of Abolitionism

• Nat Turner, William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick
  Douglas, and Grimke Sisters

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Abolitionists Speak Out

• Many Americans began feeling that slavery was
  wrong
• - Believed it went against Christianity and the
  principles the nation was founded upon on
• Abolitionist Group of reformers who wanted to
  abolish slavery
• - 1820s - over 100 antislavery societies
  advocated resettlement in Africa
• - Most free blacks considered themselves
  American only a few emigrated

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Abolitionists Speak Out

• Whites joined blacks calling for abolition-
  outlawing of slavery
• William Lloyd Garrison Started his own paper to
  urge the abolition of slavery (The Liberator)
• - The Liberator called for immediate
  emancipation freeing of slaves

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Abolitionists Speak Out

• Fredrick Douglass Former slave who escaped to
  Massachusetts
• - Lectured about his experience as a slave
• - started newspaper North Star
• - Later served as a U.S. representative to Haiti
  
• Abolitionist movement was strongest in the North
• GRIMKE SISTERS - - -

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Nat Turners Rebellion

• 1831 -Nat Turner was a slave who led a rebellion
  in Virginia
• They attacked several plantations and killed
  about 60 whites
• Turner was tried and hung
• Followers and innocent slaves were captured 200
  killed in retaliation
• Rebellion caused state legislatures to pass harsh
  laws
• - Slaves were required to have a pass to run
  errands
• - Whites were forbidden to teach slaves to read
  or write
• - Slaves were prevented from holding religious
  meetings
• Rebellion ended any hope that the south would end
  slavery
• - Virginia legislature had thought of ending
  slavery before the rebellion

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Missouri Compromise of 1820

• When territorys population reaches 60,000 may
  apply for statehood
• Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
• - Would tilt the balance of power in Congress
• - Slave and free states each had 11
• James Tallmadge of New York proposed that slavery
  be banned in Missouri
• Angered Southerners
• - Asked if Constitution gave Congress the power
  to ban slavery
• Maine declared itself ready fro statehood while
  the Missouri debate went on

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Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Speaker of the House Henry Clay suggested a
  compromise
• - Missouri admitted as slave state
• - Maine admitted as a free state
• - Banned slavery from the Louisiana Territory
  north of the parallel 36 30
• (Missouris southern border)

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South Carolinas Threat

• Congress agreed to lower the tariff after Andrew
  Jackson suggested it
• South Carolina felt the tariff was still too high
  
• - It voted to nullify the law
• - Said it would secede from the Union if the
  Federal Government tried to enforce it
• - Said that since it had chosen to join the
  Union it could choose to leave the Union

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South Carolinas Threat

• South Carolinas actions angered Andrew Jackson
• - To say that any state may at pleasure
  secede from the Union is to say that the
• United States is not a nation
  Jackson threatened in INVADE South Carolina and
  HANG Calhoun.
• Congress passed Force Bill- Gave Federal
  government power to use army navy against S.
  Carolina
• - Jackson prepared to send Federal troops to
  South Carolina
• - South Carolina readied its troops
• Henry Clay proposed a compromise
• - Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year
  period
• - South Carolina stayed in the Union
• Increased tensions between North and South

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ABOLITIONISTS HAD NUMEROUS MEETINGS AND
ANTI-SLAVERY FAIRS
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Differences by mid 1800s

• North
• - More industries
• - Larger cities
• - Better Transportation and communication (Railro
  ads telegraph)
• - More wealth
• - Immigrants became industrial workers feared
  expansion of slavery
• - Larger population (gave north control of
  House of Representatives)

• South
• - Remained rural (Plantations Small farms)
• - Economy relied on cash crops (Cotton)
• - manufactured under 10 of U.S. goods
• - Few immigrants (enslaved African Americans met
  labor needs0
• - In 3 states, Blacks were majority in 3 states
  half in 2 others
• - Whites fear restriction of slavery would
  change society economy

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Mexican War Impact

• Debate over whether new states should be free or
  slave
• Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian
  Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 as an amendment to
  a military appropriations bill
• Stated that no slavery would be allowed in
  territory acquired from Mexico

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Mexican War Impact Wilmot Proviso

• North supported it
• - Were afraid slave would mean no jobs for free
  workers
• - Northerners wanted all of the land obtained
  from Mexico to be free states

• South opposed it
• - Argued that slaves were property under
  Constitution feared more free states
• -South worried it would lose control of the
  government
• - Needed the free and slave states to be equal

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COMPROMISE OF 1850
THE U.S. GAINED NEW TERRITORY AFTER THE WAR WITH
MEXICO WHICH REIGNITED THE BATTLE OVER THE NUMBER
OF SLAVE AND FREE STATES. CALIFORNIA WAS ALLOWED
TO ENTER INTO THE UNION AS A FREE STATE WHICH
UPSET THE BALANCE OF FREE AND SLAVE STATES SINCE
THERE HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN AN EQUAL NUMBER OF
BOTH. IN EXCHANGE THE SOUTH GOT THE FUGITIVE
SLAVE ACT WHICH REQUIRED RUNAWAY SLAVES TO BE
RETURNED TO THEIR MASTERS IN THE SOUTH.
CALHOUN
WEBSTER
CLAY
SCOTT
FILLMORE
DRAWING OF THE MAJOR FIGURES INVOLVED WITH THE
COMPROMISE OF 1850. THIS EVENT DEMONSTRATED HOW
CLOSE THE UNION WAS TO SEPARATION.
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Compromise of 1850

• Henry Clay presented the plan
• California entered the Union as free state
• Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the
  territories of Utah and New Mexico
• - Popular sovereignty policy people in
  territories would decide for themselves
• Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. but
  slavery permitted.

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Compromise of 1850

• Fugitive Slave Law passed people in free states
  had to help catch and return runaway slave
• - Alleged fugitives denied jury trial, right to
  testify on own behalf
• - Federal commissioners paid more for returning
  than freeing accused
• - People convicted of helping a fugitive were
  fined, imprisoned, or both
• Neither the north or south liked the compromise