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HD TECHNOLOGY

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HD TECHNOLOGY Juan Carlos Rosero HISTORY The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from the late 1930s; however, these ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: HD TECHNOLOGY


1
HD TECHNOLOGY
  • Juan Carlos Rosero

2
HISTORY
  • The term high definition once described a series
    of television systems originating from the late
    1930s however, these systems were only high
    definition when compared to earlier systems that
    were based on mechanical systems with as few as
    30 lines of resolution.

3
Great Britain
  • The British high definition TV service started
    trials in August 1936 and a regular service in
    November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird
    240 line and (electronic) Marconi-EMI 405 line
    (377i) systems. The Baird system was discontinued
    in February 1937.

4
France
  • In 1938 France followed with their own 441 line
    system, variants of which were also used by a
    number of other countries. The US NTSC system
    joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even
    higher resolution standard at 819 lines (768i), a
    system that would be high definition even by
    today's standards, but it was monochrome only.

5
Main differences
  • All of these systems used interlacing and a 43
    aspect ratio except the 240 line system which was
    progressive (actually described at the time by
    the technically correct term 'sequential') and
    the 405 line system which started as 54 and
    later changed to 43. The 405 line system adopted
    the (at that time) revolutionary idea of
    interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker
    problem of the 240 line with its 25 Hz frame
    rate.

6
Color TV
  • Color broadcasts started at similarly higher
    resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system
    in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier
    BW systems and therefore had the same 525 lines
    (480i) of resolution. European standards did not
    follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM
    colour systems were added to the monochrome 625
    line (576i) broadcasts.

7
Analog HD Systems (France)
  • French 819 lines system (768i) was used only on
    VHF for the first French TV channel. It first
    started transmission in 1949 and was discontinued
    in 1985.

8
Analog HD Systems (URSS)
  • In 1958, the Soviet Union developed ?ransformator
    (Russian ?????????????, Transformer), the first
    high-resolution (definition) television system
    capable of producing an image composed of 1,125
    lines of resolution aimed at providing
    teleconferencing for military command. It was a
    research project and the system was never
    deployed in the military or broadcasting.

9
Analog Systems (Japan)
  • In 1969, the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first
    developed consumer high-definition television
    Hi-Vision or MUSE with a 53 aspect ratio, a
    rather wider screen format than the usual 43
    standard. The system required about twice the
    bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but
    provided about four times the resolution
    (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts
    started in 1989, with regular testing starting in
    1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commenced
    on 25 November 1994, which featured commercial
    and NHK programming.

10
Analog Systems (USA)
  • In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the
    first time in the United States, using the same
    53 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon
    visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington,
    US President Ronald Reagan was most impressed and
    officially declared it "a matter of national
    interest" to introduce HDTV to the USA.

11
Analog Systems (USA)
  • Several systems were proposed as the new standard
    for the USA, including the Japanese MUSE system,
    but all were rejected by the FCC because of their
    higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the
    number of television channels was growing rapidly
    and bandwidth was already a problem. A new
    standard had to be more efficient, needing less
    bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC.

12
Analog HD Unification
  • In 1983, the International Telecommunication
    Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R)
    set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of
    setting a single international HDTV standard. One
    of the thornier issues concerned a suitable
    frame/field refresh rate, the world already
    having split into two camps, 25/50Hz and 30/60Hz,
    related by reasons of picture stability to the
    frequency of their main electrical supplies.

13
Analog HD Unification
  • The IWP11/6 working party considered many views
    and through the 1980s served to encourage
    development in a number of video digital
    processing areas, not least conversion between
    the two main frame/field rates using motion
    vectors, which led to further developments in
    other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard
    was not in the end established, agreement on the
    aspect ratio was achieved.

14
Analog HD Unification
  • Initially the existing 53 aspect ratio had been
    the main candidate but, due to the influence of
    widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 169 (1.78)
    eventually emerged as being a reasonable
    compromise between 53 (1.67) and the common 1.85
    widescreen cinema format. The 169 ratio was
    chosen as being the geometric mean of 43,
    Academy ratio, and 2.41, the widest cinema
    format in common use, in order to minimize wasted
    screen space when displaying content with a
    variety of aspect ratios.

15
Analog HD Unification
  • An aspect ratio of 169 was duly agreed at the
    first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the
    BBC's Research and Development establishment in
    Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R
    Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709")
    includes the 169 aspect ratio, a specified
    colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080
    actively interlaced lines of resolution) and
    1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The
    current Freeview HD trials use MBAFF, which
    contains both progressive and interlaced content
    in the same encoding.

16
Analog HD Unification
  • It also includes the alternative 14401152 HDMAC
    scan format. According to some reports, a mooted
    750line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned
    lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an
    enhanced television format rather than a true
    HDTV format, and so was not included, although
    19201080i and 1280720p systems for a range of
    frame and field rates were defined by several US
    SMPTE standards.)

17
Demise of analog HD Systems
  • This limited standarization of HDTV did not lead
    to its adoption, principally for technical and
    economic reasons. NHK's MUSE required over four
    times the bandwidth of a standard-definition
    broadcast, and despite efforts made to reduce it
    to about twice that of SDTV, it was still only
    distributable by satellite with one channel
    shared on a daily basis between seven
    broadcasters. Japan remained the only country
    with successful public broadcast analog HDTV,
    starting in 2000 in Japan, and ended in October
    2007.

18
New Standards
  • Since the formal adoption of Digital Video
    Broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission
    modes in the early 2000s the 525-line NTSC (and
    PAL-M) systems as well as the European 625-line
    PAL and SECAM systems are now regarded as
    standard definition television systems. In
    Australia, the 625-line digital progressive
    system (with 576 active lines) is officially
    recognized as high definition.

19
Digital Video Broadcasting
  • DVB is a suite of internationally accepted open
    standards for digital television. DVB standards
    are maintained by the DVB Project, an
    international industry consortium with more than
    270 members, and they are published by a Joint
    Technical Committee (JTC) of European
    Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI),
    European Committee for Electrotechnical
    Standardization (CENELEC) and European
    Broadcasting Union (EBU).

20
DVB Transmission
  • DVB systems distribute data using a variety of
    approaches, including
  • satellite DVB-S, DVB-S2 and DVB-SH
  • DVB-SMATV for distribution via SMATV
  • cable DVB-C, DVB-C2
  • terrestrial television DVB-T, DVB-T2
  • digital terrestrial television for handhelds
    DVB-H, DVB-SH
  • microwave using DTT (DVB-MT), the MMDS (DVB-MC),
    and/or MVDS standards (DVB-MS)

21
ATSC Standards
  • The ATSC standard was developed in the early
    1990s by the Grand Alliance, a consortium of
    electronics and telecommunications companies that
    assembled to develop a specification for what is
    now known as HDTV. ATSC formats also include
    standard-definition formats, although initially
    only HDTV services were launched in the digital
    format.

22
ATSC RANGE
  • The high definition television standards defined
    by the ATSC produce wide screen 169 images up to
    19201080 pixels in size more than six times
    the display resolution of the earlier standard.
    However, many different image sizes are also
    supported.

23
Rise of digital compression
  • Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2
    standard. The DVB-S2 standard is based on the
    newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
    compression standards. Common for all DVB
    standards is the use of highly efficient
    modulation techniques for further reducing
    bandwidth, and foremost for reducing
    receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.

24
Digital HD (USA)
  • HDTV technology was introduced in the United
    States in the 1990s by the Digital HDTV Grand
    Alliance. The first public HDTV broadcast in the
    United States occurred on July 23, 1996. The
    American Advanced Television Systems Committee
    (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on
    October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of
    astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on
    board the Space Shuttle Discovery.

25
Digital HD (Europe)
  • Although HDTV broadcasts had been demonstrated in
    Europe since the early 1990s, the first regular
    broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the
    Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel
    with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert.

26
Digital HD (Europe)
  • These first European HDTV broadcasts used the
    1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S
    signal from SES Astra's 1H satellite at Europe's
    main DTH Astra 19.2E position. Euro1080
    transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC
    compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with
    subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.

27
WQHD (1440p)
  • The Wide Quad High Definition, display standard
    is a resolution of 2560 x 1440 pixels in a 169
    aspect ratio. It is four times the resolution of
    the 720p display standard, hence the name. Their
    high pixel counts and heavy display hardware
    requirements mean that there are currently few
    LCD monitors which have pixel counts at these
    levels. It is a non-standard resolution found in
    some displays, such as the Dell UltraSharp U2711
    and the 27" iMac.

28
QFHD (2160p)
  • Quad Full High Definition) is a non-standard
    display resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixels arranged
    in a 169 aspect ratio. It is four times the
    resolution of the 1080p display standard, hence
    the name.
  • In early 2008, Samsung revealed a
    proof-of-concept 82-inch LCD TV set capable of
    this resolution and LG has demonstrated an
    84-inch displayEyevis produces a 56" LCD named
    EYELCD 56 QHD HD while Toshiba makes the P56QHD,
    and Sony the SRM-L560, all which can deliver a
    resolution of 3840 x 2160.

29
Super Hi-Vision
  • Super Hi-Vision (also known as 4320p, 8K, Ultra
    High Definition Television (UHDTV), and Ultra
    High Definition Video (UHDV)) is an experimental
    digital video format, currently proposed by NHK
    of Japan, the BBC, and RAI.

30
Super Hi-Vision
  • Sky also appears to be interested in the
    technology. During IBC 2008 Japan's NHK, Italy's
    RAI, the BBC, RTE, Sony, Samsung, and Panasonic
    (with various partners) demonstrated the first
    ever public live transmission of Super Hi-Vision,
    from London to the conference site in Amsterdam.
  • In addition, it was demonstrated at the BBC's
    Media Centre in West London in early October
    2008. The BBC has been looking into the use of
    its Dirac codec with Super Hi-Vision.
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