Science In The Renaissance

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Science In The Renaissance





Galileo Galilei
Copernicus
Tycho Brahe
Sir. Isaac Newton
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Nicholas Copernicus

• He was born in Poland, and studied mathematics
  optics.
• In 1530, Copernicus completed his great work De
  Revolutioni.
• Created Heliocentric (sun centered model of the
  universe)
• Earth and several planets revolve around the sun

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Facts About Copernicus

• Copernicus's theory explained some problems, such
  as the reason that Mercury and Venus are only
  observed close to the Sun and Mars retrograde
  motion the Earth, traveling in its smaller orbit.
• Most experts rejected his ideas as they
  contradict both Ptolemy and Aristotle and go
  against the church.
• The fear was if Ptolemy was wrong the whole
  system of human knowledge could be questioned
• 1543 Nicolas Copernicus died.

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Tycho Brahe

• He was born in 1546, ran his own printing press.
• Danish born, gained evidence to support
  Copernicus
• 1572 he observed the new star and the comet
  (1577).
• Observed the sky every night for years
• Tycho Brahe made a remarkable star catalogue of
  over 1000 stars.

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Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630)

• He proved that the orbit of Planets were an
  ellipse
• Born in Weil Der Stadt, Germany.
• He explained planetary motion, founder of
  celestial mechanics and the first "natural laws.
• Keplers Laws of Planetary motion
• not uniform speed
• time it takes to orbit related to the distance
  away from the sun
• He studied the theories of Optics.
• He died in Regensburg in 1630.

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Keplers 3 Laws
LAW 1 The orbit of a planet/comet about the Sun
is an ellipse with the Sun's center of mass at
one focus
                         This is the equation
for an ellipse                 
LAW 2 A line joining a planet/comet and the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of
time.
LAW 3 The squares of the periods of the planets
are proportional to the cubes of their semi-major
axes
Ta2 / Tb2 Ra3 / Rb3
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Galileo Galilei

• February 15, 1564 Galileo was born.
• Built a telescope (an idea stolen from a Dutch
  lens grinder). with which he made celestial
  observations, the most spectacular of which was
  his discovery of the satellites of Jupiter, Sun
  spots and mountains on the moon
• Galileo discovered exactly how the Earth moved
  around the sun.

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Galileos Mechanics

• Galileos findings cause an uproar in the
  scientific community.
• He was attacked because his views contradicted
  the church who insisted that the Geocentric view
  of the universe is correct.
• Brought before the Inquisition
• threatened with death if he did not recant (He
  does)

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Galileos Astronomy

• The observations of the sky which Galileo carried
  out with his telescope led to the discovery of
  the satellites of Jupiter and to Galileo's
  increased adherence the Copernican System. The
  phenomena which were revealed little by little
  due to the increased possibility of larger lenses
  were described and illustrated by Galileo in
  Sidereus Nincius.

Galileos Astronomy
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Advances in Medicine

• Paracelsus- developed new chemical philosophy of
  medicine- Like cures Like
• Use toxic substances to cure patients
• Boyle -father of modern chemistry Boyles law
  difference between chemical elements and compounds

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More advances

• Vesalius- study medicine and the anatomy
• New approach to teaching/understanding anatomy
• Harvey work on the heart and circulation,
  capillaries
• Laid foundation for modern physiology

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Sir. Isaac Newton

• Newton was born on Christmas Day in 1642 and died
  1727 at the age of 85.
• He believed that the Bible was true in every
  aspect. He was a formidable Biblical scholar
• By 24 had a theory as to why the planets moved as
  the do.
• Called it gravity
• decreed that nature follows uniform laws
• and gravity holds the universe together

 If I have been able to see further, it was
only because I stood on the shoulders of
giants.                                     Si
r Isaac Newton
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Newtons Accomplishments

• Newton made a huge impact on theoretical
  astronomy. He defined the laws of motion and
  universal gravitation which he used to predict
  precisely the motions of stars, and the planets
  around the sun. Using his discoveries in optics
  Newton constructed the first reflecting telescope
• As mathematician, Newton invented integral
  calculus, and jointly with Leibnitz, differential
  calculus.
• By 1666 Newton had early versions of his three
  laws of motion.

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Sir. Isaac Newtons 3 Laws of Motion

• Newtons 1st Law

An object in motion tends to stay in motion, and
an object at Rest tends to stay at rest, unless
the object is acted upon by an Outside force.
Newtons 2nd Law
Acceleration Force (over) Mass.
Newtons 3rd Law

Every action had an equal and opposite re-action.
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BACON AND DESCARTES

• TWO GIANTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• DISAGREED WITH THE FINDINGS OF ARISTOTLE THAT
  FORCED THE PHYSICAL WORLD TO FIT INTO THE
  TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH
• BACON STRESSED EXPERIMENTAION AND REASON WHILE
  DESCARTES USED REASON THE UNDERSTANDING
• I THINK THEREFORE I AM
• NEED TO DISCOVER BASIC TRUTHS

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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
BACON
One of the two giants of the scientific
revolution Rejects Aristotles scientific
assumption Challenges scholarly traditions that
made the physical world fit. Science must work
within the frame work of the church. Truth is at
the end of a process of investigation
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I THINK THEREFORE I AM

• Decartes used reason to explain things
• The Best road to understanding is investigation
• You need to first discover basic truths
• The universe is a unified majestic system.

DECARTES
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Conclusion
It took the accurate observational work of Brahe,
the exhaustive mathematics of Kepler, and the
mathematical genius of Newton to take
Copernicus's theory as a starting point, and
gleam from it the underlying truths and laws
governing celestial mechanics. Copernicus was an
important player in the development of these
theories, but his work would have likely remained
in relative obscurity without the observational
work of Brahe. Newton's 3 Laws and Kepler's 3
Laws also gave astronomy and gravity a better
picture to mankind.