River Restoration in Malaysia

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PROTECTING CATCHMENT AREAS AND RIVERS
Datuk Paduka Ir. Hj. Keizrul Bin Abdullah
Director General Dept of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
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Contents

• Status of Catchment Areas and Rivers in Malaysia
• Issues and Challenges.
• Measures To Address Issues and Challenges Facing
  the Sector.

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CATCHMENT AREA

• Any area from which a water source receives
  surface flow which originates as precipitation.
• The area of land drained by a creek or river
  system.

4
Formation of Rivers
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Malaysia is rich in rivers

• Peninsular Malaysia 89
• Sarawak 22
• Sabah 78
• Total 189 (57,300 km length)

7
Malaysia Forest Area
Pen. Malaysia - 5.87 m. ha Sabah -
4.41 m. ha Sarawak - 9.24 m. ha
19.52 m. ha in 2004 59.5 of total land area
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• Permanent Forest Reserve (PFR)
• 14.43 m. ha 44 of total land area
• Pen. Malaysia 4.68 m. ha
• Sabah 3.59 m. ha
• Sarawak 6.16 m. ha

9
Status Pengelasan Hutan Simpanan Kekal (Hektar)

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Average Annual Rainfall 2,500 mm to 3,000 mm
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WATER RESOURCES IN MALAYSIA
Cloud
Rainfall 3,000 mm
990 bill. m3
Evapo-transpiration 360 bill. m3 (36)
Surface Runoff 566 bill. m3 (57)
Groundwater 64 bill. m3 (7) Total Storage 5,000
bill. m3
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RIVERS PROVIDE 97 OF ALL THE WATER USED IN
MALAYSIA
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Benefit to people living near river
Use of Rivers
Water and sediment conveyance
Transportation
Culture
14
Source of food
Religion
Use of Rivers
Sport activities
Recreation
Mining activities
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ISSUES CHALLENGES
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ISSUES CHALLENGES

• Excess Water ? Floods

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Monsoon and Convective Rainfall Pattern
Kelantan
PERLIS
600
THAILAND
500
Monsoon
KEDAH
400
mm
300
200
100
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
PERAK
Month
PAHANG
SELANGOR
Selangor
mm
600
500
Convective
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
400
300
MELAKA
200
JOHOR
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Month
SINGAPORE
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FLOODS
Frequent Floods
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Flood prone areas 29,720 km² (9 land area)
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Direct and indirect economic losses
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Floods

• Floods exacerbated by
• Disposal of solid wastes into waterways
• Sediments from land clearance and construction
  areas
• Increase in impervious areas

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Encroachment of River Reserves
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Squatters
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ISSUES CHALLENGES

• Flooding
• Water Shortages - Drought

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1998 drought caused serious water rationing and
hardship for 1.8 million residents of Kuala
Lumpur other towns in Klang Valley
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Water Crisis
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Water Shortages

• Growing demands and pressure on water resources
• Per capita availability of water is decreasing
• Reaching practical limits of surface water
  resources development
• Inter-basin and inter-state water transfers

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Projected Water Demand
 include losses
Demand to increase by 63 from 2000 to 2050
National Water Resource Study (Peninsular
Malaysia), 2000
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Deforestation in Catchment Areas for Development
Cerun gt 45o
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ISSUES CHALLENGES

• Flooding
• Water Shortages
• Water Quality ? Pollution

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POLLUTION
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Water Quality Deterioration
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Direct Discharges into Rivers
Wet Markets
Food Outles
Slaughter Houses
Household Waste
Animal Farms
Cottage Industries
Agriculture
Sewerage
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Rivers become rubbish dumps
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Landfills
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ISSUES CHALLENGES

• Flooding
• Water Shortages
• Water Pollution
• River Sedimentation

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Logging
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Clearing of Land for Agriculture and Development
47
Sand Mining
48
River Bank Erosion
gt 45o slope
gt 45o slope
49
Siltation in rivers
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Effect of siltation
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Sedimentation
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ISSUES CHALLENGES

• Flooding
• Water Shortages
• Water Pollution
• River Sedimentation
• Institutional and Legislative

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Institutional and Legislative Issues

• Malaysian Constitution
• Land and water state matters
• Rivers within jurisdiction of State
• Many state laws outdated, redundant or ambiguous
  conflicts / overlaps common
• Lack of comprehensive national river law
• Federal, State, Local governments involved in
  various aspects of water

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Institutional and Legislative Issues

• Numerous Ministries and Departments
• regulate manage various water sectors
• duplication of efforts gaps
• competition and conflict
• Inadequate financial allocation
• Emphasis on resource utilization rather than
  resource conservation
• Insufficient stakeholders/public participation

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INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT

• Government Agencies
• Department of Irrigation and Drainage
• City Councils and Local Authorities
• Department of Environment
• Land Offices
• Department of Sewerage Services
• Department of Water Supply
• Department of Forestry
• Department of Veterinary Services
• Department of Town and Country Planning

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INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
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INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
RESPONSIBILITY
LEGAL BASIS
AGENCY
Regulate illegal occupation of land Regulates
land use Regulates sand mining
National Land Code
Land Office
4
Development Planning Control
Planning Act
TCPD
5
Regulates hill land development Regulates water
sources
Land Conservation Act Waters Enact/Waters Act
State Authority
6
Regulates water supply services Regulates
activities within designated water catchment areas
Water Supply Enactment
JBA
7
Regulates IWK in providing sewerage services
Sewerage Services Act
JPP/DSS
8
Regulates Permanent Forest Reserves
National Forestry Act 1984
Forestry Dept.
9
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ENFORCEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
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Measures to address Issues and Challenges
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JPS PROGRAMME
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River Management

• Corrective Measures
• Curative Measures
• Preventive Measures

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River Management

• Corrective Measures
• Curative Measures
• Preventive Measures

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River Maintenance Works Need RM152 m. per
annum Available RM 47.5 m. per annum.
64
Riverbank Protection Re-vegetation w/high
river traffic _at_ Sg. Sarawak river mouth, Kuching
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Trash booms constructed
66
Workers removing rubbish dumped into rivers
In Klang Valley about 50 tons collected daily
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River Management

• Corrective Measures
• Curative Measures
• Preventive Measures

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Major Rivers Identified For Rehabiitation /
Restoration.

• Sg. Pinang, Penang (RM30 m.)
• Sg. Melaka, Malacca (RM160 m.)
• Sg. Tebrau, Sg. Skudai and Sg. Segget in Johor
  (RM 900 m.)
• Sg. Juru, Penang (35 m.)
• Sg-sg. in Cyber City, Penang (60 m.)

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SG MELAKA, Malacca
Before July 2003
After Nov 2004
______________________ Kriteria1 Pencapaian
Output
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Some Pilot Projects in Malaysia to Improve
Water Quality
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Use of Effective Micro-organism (EM) for Sg.
Perlis
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Substantial decrease of sludge after 58 days
25 April 2006
23 Jun 2006
100 mm
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23 Jun 2006
27 Mei 2006
26 April 2006
23 Jun 2006
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River Water Purification Experiment in Malaysia
(2003-2005)
Infrastructure Development Institute - Japan
Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Location and Structure of the Experiment
Experimental Facilities
Sg. Kuyuh
Sg. Midah
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PURIFICATION FUNCTIONS OF THE GRAVEL CONTACT
OXIDATION PROCESS
1. Self-purification Mechanisms of Rivers

• Filtration
• 1) Sedimentation
• 2) Biological Absorption 3) Decomposition

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The Flow
Intake Pump
Inflow
Discharge
Monitoring Channels
Measuring Tank
Influent Raw River Water
Effluent Purified water
120m3/day
Gravel Contact Oxidation Basin
Reservoir
50-150mm
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Water Purification Effects
Good Purification Efficiency!!
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Pilot Project on Use of Activated Crystal Carbon,
Tuang River, Malacca
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River Management

• Corrective Measures
• Curative Measures
• Preventive Measures

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Cintailah Sungai Kita
Love Our Rivers Campaign Started in 1993
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Love Our River Campaign Objectives

• To create and promote awareness among the public
  to take care and love the rivers and the
  environment the importance of rivers in the
  individuals daily life.
• To increase the awareness among the public on the
  need to conserve the natural environment and
  preserve rivers.
• To increase the knowledge and techniques of river
  management and the catchment area among agencies
  involved

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Sg. Kulim, MRSM Kedah (SEK.)
River adoption program
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EDUCATION
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River Watch program in schools
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River Expeditions
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Posters dan pamphlets
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Manuals and Guidelines
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• SETIAP NEGERI
• PILIH ? SATU SUNGAI
• SEBAGAI PROJEK PERINTIS

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WQI 81-100 Clean, WQI 60-80 Slightly
Polluted, WQI 0-59 Polluted.
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PROGRAM PEMULIHAN SUNGAI Satu Negeri Satu
Sungai
Sg. Perlis
Sg. Petani
Sg. Lubok Mulong
Sg. Pinang
Sg. Hiliran
Sg. Kinta
Sg. Papar
Sg. Galing
Sg. Penchala
Sg. Anak Air Batu
Sg. Temiang
Sg. Bintagor
Sg. Melaka
Sg. Skudai
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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

• Preventive
• Curative
• One Management

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Other Measures

• Implementation
• of zero
• contribution to
• peak discharges
• arising from
• development.
• (2001)

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Benefits of MSMA
Detention Pond For Flood Control
Storage Tank For Flood Control
Engineered Waterway For Amenity
Sediment Fence For Erosion and Sediment Control
Swale for Safety and Beauty
Gross Pollutant Trap For Pollution Control
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Other Measures
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN

• Mandatory
• Erosion and
• Sediment
• Control Plan
• (ESCP) for
• development
• projects.

Model ESCP
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Other Measures

• Installation of
• Food, Oil and
• Grease Trap
• for all food
• outlets.

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Long Term Plan IRBM
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River Basin Master Plans provide overall
framework for development in a river basin
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National Water Resources Council at its meeting
on 29 July 2003 agreed to the preparation of
River Basin Master Plans
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What is IRBM ?

• Integrated River Basin Management is the
  sustainable management of land and water based on
  natural geographical boundaries, rather than
  administrative units.

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IRBM

• River Basin
• Geographical area determined by the watershed
  limits of the system of waters, including surface
  and underground waters, flowing into a common
  terminus.

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Sungai Kelang Catchment

• 8 PBT, 2States
• Ampang Jaya
• Ulu Langat
• Gombak
• Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur
• Petaling Jaya
• Subang Jaya
• Shah Alam
• Kelang

Each manages the water resources (water supply,
pollution, and floods) sectorally and
individually.
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Components of IRBM

• Political Support
• Inter-agency collaboration
• Resource management
• Regulation / Legislation
• Governance (stakeholder participation)
• Financial sustainability

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Status of IRBM

• IRBM Plan for Sg. Kedah and Sg. Selangor in
  progress. (2002-2007).
• Blueprint for IRBM plan being prepared.
• Proposal to State Governments to form Water
  Resources Board / Authority and to gazette river
  reserves.
• Proposal to Federal Government to place rivers as
  concurrent list with the intention to finally
  draft a River Law to govern all activities in a
  river basin.

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Thank You