FINAL EXAM Review

1
FINAL EXAMReview
For each slide, you should pick the best answer
of the 3 provided. In general, there is one
answer for each question but sometimes (every
once in a while), there are two. On the maps,
match the important hominid site name to its
correct spot on the map.
2
BIPEDALISM REVIEW
3
Hominids are best defined as

• All species on the human line after the split
  from the chimpanzee ancestor
• All apes and their ancestors
• Only modern humans everyone else is not

4
Which of the following is a synapomorphy of
hominids?

• Long arms relative to legs
• Y-5 molars
• Reduced anterior tooth size especially canines

5
What is considered the defining feature of
hominids?

• Large brains
• Bipedalism
• Small front teeth

6
The idea that different traits evolve at
different rates is called

• Mosaic evolution
• Phyletic gradualism
• Punctuated Equilibrium

7
Which of the following traits is NOT associated
with obligate bipedalism?

• Inferior foramen magnum
• Equal lengths of arms and legs
• Lumbar lordosis

8
The inward angled knee, found in bipeds, is
called

• Bowed knee
• Valgus knee
• Knock-knees

9
The lumbar lordosis, flared pelvis (ilium), and
valgus knee all serve to

• Position our skulls atop our shoulders
• Absorb the biomechanical shock from walking
  bipedally
• Position our center of gravity between our feet
  so we dont tip over

10
What is a characteristic of bipeds that is found
in the skull?

• Small canines
• Inferior foramen magnum
• Big brains

11
What is a characteristic of bipeds found in the
pelvis?

• Lumbar lordosis
• Convergent hallux
• Larger acetabulum

12
Which of the following ideas is a hypothesis for
explaining why bipedalism was adaptive?

• Thermoregulatory model
• Predation avoidance
• Biomechanical efficiency

13
The appearance of the dorsal ridge of the radius
supports the idea that

• Hominids immediate ancestor was suspensory
• Hominids immediate ancestor was a leaper
• Hominids immediate ancestor was a knuckle-walker

14
The possible hominid found in Chad is named

• Sahelanthropus tchadensis
• Orrorin tugenensis
• Australopithecus afarensis

15
The 6mya possible hominid discovered in Kenya
which has a very bipedal looking femur is
called

• Sahelanthropus tchadensis
• Orrorin tugenensis
• Australopithecus afarensis

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AUSTRALOPITHECUSReview
17
What is the earliest definite hominid?

• Orrorin tugenensis
• Ardipithecus ramidus
• Kenyanthropus platyops

18
What species does Lucy belong to?

• Kenyanthropus platyops
• Australopithecus afarensis
• Australopithecus africanus

19
Which of the following is NOT a synapomorphy of
hominids?

• Large brains relative to body size
• Bipedalism
• Y-5 molars

20
Discovered by Meave Leakey in Kenya, this fossil
hominid showed for the first time that different
species of hominids co-existed at the same time

• Ardipithecus ramidus
• Kenyanthropus platyops
• Australopithecus afarensis

21
This most famous fossil hominid (Lucy) was
discovered in 1974 and dates to 3.2 mya. Why was
she so revolutionary?

• She had a big brain
• She was a biped
• She was found with other members of her species

22
Where is Australopithecus africanus found?

• East Africa
• Central Africa
• Southern Africa

23
The Taung Child was the first fossil hominid ever
discovered in Africa. What species is it?

• Australopithecus afarensis
• Australopithecus africanus
• Ardipithecus ramidus

24
What kind of locomotion does Lucys (and other
australopithecines) skeletons show?

• Bipedalism
• Arboreal climbing
• Both

25
What kind of environment does it appear that most
Australopithecines lived in?

• Open grassy savannahs
• The edges of rivers with lots of water
• Woodlands bordering on more open areas

26
This specimen Little Foot may be the most
complete australopithecine ever recovered and
one of the oldest. What species is it?

• Australopithecus afarensis
• Australopithecus africanus
• Australopithecus bahrelgazali

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Which of the following characteristics of bipeds
do we NOT find in the australopithecines?

• Valgus knee
• Flared ilium
• Straight pedal phalanges

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PARANTHROPUSReview
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What is the main way Paranthropus is different
from Australopithecus?

• Paranthropus has bigger bodies and were much more
  like us
• Paranthropus has bigger teeth and chewing complex
  in general
• Paranthropus had bigger brains and clearly used
  tools

30
Which of the following is NOT a hominid
synapomorphy?

• Relatively inferiorly placed foramen magnum
• Large canine teeth w/ sectorial premolar
• Valgus knee and lumbar lordosis

31
Which of the following is considered to be a
synapomorphy of Paranthropus?

• Bipedalism
• Megadont cheek teeth
• Small canines

32
Paranthropus derived characteristics appear to
be adapted to what?

• Hunting
• Heavy chewing
• Tool making

33
Very large temporalis and masseter muscles are
associated with

• Sagittal crests
• Small molars
• Small zygomatics

34
Paranthropus appears to have been adapted to
eating

• Animals
• Fruits and leaves
• Hard seeds and fibrous tubers

35
Paranthropus aethiopicus is found in

• East Africa
• Central Africa
• South Africa

36
Paranthropus robustus is found in

• East Africa
• Central Africa
• South Africa

37
Which of the following statements about
Paranthropus is NOT true?

• They were an evolutionary dead end, leaving no
  descendents.
• They used many tools, particularly to hunt and to
  fight with one another.
• They may not have actually eaten hard, fibrous
  foods all the time, even though they were adapted
  to.

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EARLY HOMOReview
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Which hominid species is associated with the
earliest known stone tools?

• Australopithecus afarensis
• Homo habilis
• Homo erectus

40
How do most paleoanthropologists think early Homo
(habilis and rudolfensis) obtained the majority
of the meat in their diets?

• Active hunting
• Active scavenging
• Passive scavenging

41
Which of the following is a synapomorphy of genus
Homo?

• Bipedalism
• Brains generally larger than 500 cc
• Retromolar gap

42
The very first specimen of Homo habilis was
discovered at this location

• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Hadar, Ethiopia
• Sterkfontein, South Africa

43
What trait(s) of the earlier hominid species were
retained in Homo habilis?

• More parabolic dental arcade
• Relatively megadont posterior molars for crushing
  hard foods
• Longer arms curved hands for possible
  arboreality

44
Which earlier hominid has been proposed as the
direct ancestor of Homo rudolfensis?

• Paranthropus aethiopicus
• Ardipithecus ramidus
• Kenyanthropus platyops

45
What are the earliest stone tools called?

• Oldowan Tools
• Acheulean Tools
• Rocks

46
Why are the Dmanisi hominids considered
remarkable?

• They clearly show that Australopithecus migrated
  out of Africa
• They show that sexual dimorphism disappeared by
  the time these hominids appeared
• They re-write our understanding of the earliest
  migrations out of Africa and the hominids that
  did it

47
This is the first hominid to display modern body
proportions and height

• Homo habilis
• Homo ergaster/erectus
• Homo heidelbergensis

48
Which of these features is associated with Homo
erectus/ergaster skull morphology?

• High, flat foreheads
• Occipital buns with suprainiac fossae
• A large supraorbital torus w/ well-defined
  supra-orbital sulcus

49
The Nariokotome Youth (WT-15000) is

• A mostly complete skeleton of the first known
  Homo habilis
• A largely incomplete Homo ergaster skull
• The best-preserved and most complete
  pre-Neandertal fossil hominid ever found

50
Homo erectus/ergaster developed tools called

• Oldowan tools
• Acheulean tools
• Mousterian tools

51
Who is Homo ergaster?

• The African form of Homo erectus that evolved
  into later forms of hominids
• The Asian form of Homo erectus that became
  extinct around 50,000 years ago
• The European ancestors of the Neandertals

52
Homo erectus/ergaster was the first hominid KNOWN
to have left Africa, migrating into some very
cold areas. Do we have evidence showing they
could control fire, wore tailored clothes or
built shelters?
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LATER HOMOReview
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What hominid species do we see appearing in
Africa and Europe about 800,000 years ago
replacing Homo ergaster?

• Homo erectus
• Homo heidelbergensis
• Homo georgicus

55
Of the following species, which one is considered
to be the ancestor of ALL later hominids?

• Homo erectus
• Homo ergaster
• Homo antecessor

56
Which of the following is a synapomorphy of genus
Homo?

• Reduced postorbital constriction compared to
  earlier hominids
• More parallel dental arcades
• Thinner cranial bones compared to earlier hominids

57
What possible behaviors do we see our first
evidence for in Homo heidelbergensis?

• Acheulean tools (hand-axes)
• Cannibalism or ritual defleshing
• Burials with symbolic meaning

58
In Europe, Homo heidelbergensis evolves into

• Homo sapiens
• Homo neanderthalensis
• Homo ergaster

59
Homo floresiensis is

• A possible example of a very small-brained member
  of genus Homo
• A pathological (sick) member of Homo sapiens
• A fake

60
Where are Neandertals found?

• Africa
• East Asia
• Europe and western Asia

61
Which of the following traits is an autapomorphy
of Neandertals?

• Reduced post-orbital constriction
• Sloping foreheads
• Occipital bun w/ suprainiac fossa

62
Which of these is an autapomorphy of Neandertals?

• Canine fossa
• Retromolar gap
• Increased brain size

63
Neandertals

• Appear to have been adapted (anatomically) to the
  extremely cold environment of Ice Age Europe
• Are only very slightly different from modern
  humans, both anatomically and behaviorally
• Were not especially good hunters and probably got
  most of their food from gathered sources
  (vegetable matter) and scavenged meat

64
Which of these behaviors do we NOT see with
Neandertals?

• Care for the elderly and disabled
• Burial of the dead with associated symbolic
  remains
• Unambiguous evidence of artwork, music and
  free-standing shelters

65
Given the current archaeological, genetic and
fossil evidence, are Neandertals considered to be
our direct ancestors?
66
Put Me on a Map!

• Hadar, Ethiopia
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Sterkfontein, South Africa
• Dmanisi, Georgia
• Flores, Indonesia
• Atapuerca, Spain
• Neander Valley, Germany

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MODERN ORIGINSReview
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Which of the following is a synapomorphy of genus
Homo?

• Bipedalism
• Reduced anterior tooth size
• Reduced postorbital constriction

69
Which of the following is NOT an autapomorphy of
Homo sapiens?

• Big brains
• Canine fossa
• Mental eminence

70
Fossil evidence shows that our first Homo sapiens
appeared in Africa

• About 100,000 years ago
• About 200,000 years ago
• About 1 million years ago

71
Genetic evidence shows that the most recent
common female ancestor of all modern humans lived
in Africa

• About 100,000 years ago
• Between 150,000 200,000 years ago
• At least 500,000 years ago

72
The Replacement (or Out of Africa) hypothesis
for modern human origins

• Is supported by fossil, genetic and
  archaeological evidence
• Says that Neandertals and Erectines contributed
  some genetics to the modern populations we have
  today
• Shows that the early hominids coming out of
  Africa evolved independently in their own regions
  into modern humans

73
Genetic evidence for modern human origins comes
largely from

• Mitochondrial DNA analyses
• Nuclear DNA analyses
• Chimpanzee DNA comparisons

74
After analyzing modern human mtDNA, where do we
find the greatest diversity?

• Africa
• Europe
• Asia

75
Where do we find the earliest fossil evidence for
modern humans?

• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Omo, Ethiopia
• Qafzeh Cave, Israel

76
Neandertals and modern humans overlap in time in
what regions?

• Africa and Asia
• Africa and Europe
• Middle East and Europe

77
Genetic evidence indicates that

• Anatomically modern humans (AMH Homo sapiens)
  did not interbreed with Neandertals
• The most recent common ancestor of Neandertals
  and AMHs lived about 250,000 years ago
• Asian Homo erectus may have significantly
  contributed to AMH genetic diversity

78
The most accepted view of the fate of the
Neandertals currently is

• They were wiped out by warfare with AMHs
• They interbred with AMH until they were no longer
  a distinct population
• They were out-competed by AMHs who were able to
  acquire more resources than the Neandertals

79
What tool type is found with AMHs as they
populate Europe?

• Mousterian
• Aurignacian
• Chatelperronian

80
Put Me on a Map!

• Afar Region, Ethiopia
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Blombos Cave
• Dar es Soltan
• Flores, Indonesia
• Lascaux Cave
• Qafzeh Cave

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LATE STONE AGEReview
82
Why is the MSA in Europe different from the MSA
in Africa?

• In Europe there is only evidence for Mousterian
  tool technology but in Africa there is a wide
  variety of tools
• In Europe there is evidence of personal
  ornamentation and other kinds of symbolic
  behaviors
• They arent different

83
Blombos Cave is considered to be very important
in understanding the development of modern
human behavior because

• Some of the earliest known evidence for purely
  symbolic behavior is found there
• It is the only AMH site we have that shows a
  dependence on marine resources
• It shows that modern behavior does not appear
  until about 50,000 years ago very late

84
LSA (Upper Paleolithic) Art Symbolism

• Is unambiguously found only with AMHs and
  includes evidence of music, paintings and
  portable art
• Is found with both AMH and Neandertal populations
  after about 50,000
• Is found in its most elaborate form in the Middle
  East

85
Archaeological evidence for early fully modern
human behavior

• Is found first in Africa particularly in South
  African cave sites near the ocean
• Is seen developing in transitional sites in
  Europe
• Cannot be found anywhere until less than 50,000
  years ago in Europe

86
Behaviors Unique to AMHs include

• Burial of the dead
• Care of the elderly or disabled
• Composite tools

87
Behaviors unique to AMHs include

• Tailored clothing
• Control of fire
• Efficient hunting

88
Put Me on a Map!

• Afar Region, Ethiopia
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Blombos Cave Klasies River Mouth
• Altamira Cave
• Dolni Vestonice
• Lascaux Cave
• Qafzeh Cave

89
Who was mitochondrial Eve and why is she
important to our understanding of modern human
origins and the peopling of the world?