Final Exam Review Slides

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Final Exam Review Slides

• Part 1 Weather and Energy

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Relating Heat and Humidity

• Humidity moisture in air (oceans) regulates
  temps.
• Winds created via uneven warming of atmosphere
  (from he sun)

HIGH PRESSURE
LOW PRESSURE
Moisture leaves (rain)
COOL, DRY AIR
COLD, MOIST AIR (RAIN)
Cool air falls, warms
Warm air rises, cools
Moisture absorbed (ocean)
WARM, DRY AIR
HOT, WET AIR
LOW PRESSURE
HIGH PRESSURE
HUMIDITY SIDE
DRY SIDE
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• Ferrel and Polar Warm Moist Air RISING ? BOREAL
  FOREST
• Colder, less direct sunlight

• Hadley and Ferrel Cold, Dry Air FALLING ?
  DESERT
• Dry air not temp regulated

• Hadley and Hadley
• Warm Moist Air RISING ? TROPICAL FOREST
• Direct sun humidity

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Weather Related Phenomena

• Rain Shadow Effect one side of mountain
  receives moisture, other does not
• Air likes to move from HIGH to LOW pressure (fair
  weather)
• If other way, stormy weather
• Temp. Inversion cold air trapped under warm air
• Smog and urban areas (heat islands)

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Biomes

• Biome rainfall, temperatures (climate)
• Forest rainfall all year
• Tropical, Temperate, Boreal
• Nutrient-poor soil (erosion)
• Broadleaf, green plants (light)
• Grassland rainy and dry seasons
• Savanna, Chaparral, Grassland
• Most fertile soil (loam)
• Deserts dry all year (like a tundra)
• Hot Dry, Semi-Arid, Cold
• Low lying plants, succulent leaves (H20)

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Upwelling and El Nino

• Upwelling bringing nutrients from ocean bottom
  to the surface
• Supplies nutrients to organisms living in
  euphotic zone (light zone)
• El Nino less upwelling than usual (3-4 years)

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Energy Math (yeah, its on your finalwhatever)

• You live in a community of 5,000 homes that rely
  on coal as a source of fuel. The average home
  uses 15,000 kwh of energy per year at the cost of
  .10/kwh.
• To switch over to 10 turbines for 25 years, each
  cost 1.5mill.
• What would be the monthly electric bill for one
  home in this community?
• How much energy does the entire community over 25
  years?
• If the community switches over to wind turbines,
  how much money would the community save over 25
  years?

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Energy

• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Law 1 energy cannot be created or destroyed
  (just converted into something else)
• Law 2 - some energy lost as heat during
  conversion
• More energy efficient less steps required
• Nonrenewable Energy cannot be replenished
  (fossil fuels)
• Renewable Energy can be replenished
  (alternative energy)
• BOTH generate steam ? spin turbines ? POWER

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Nonrenewable Energy

• Nonrenewable Energy not efficient, but
  powerful. Expensive in LONG RUN
• Coal found in China, cheap and dirty (air
  pollution and health problems)
• Oil most versatile (gasoline, plastics, etc)
  run out in 25 years
• Natural Gas gateway fossil fuel, cleaneast

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Renewable Energy

• Renewable Energy energy efficient, less
  powerful. Expensive in SHORT TERM
• Geothermal using magma (California) from fault
  lines
• Hydroelectric dams (water as power)
• Wind (noise pollution) and Solar (passive vs.
  active)
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell byproduct water

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Math Problem Revisited

• In a 3,000 home town, each residence uses about
  10,000 kwh of electricity annually, at a cost of
  .05 per kwh.
• The town wants to switch entirely over to solar
  energy over a 10 year period. The cost to
  install each of these 5 solar panels is 1 mill.
• What is electric bill for one home for one year?
• What is electric bill for the entire community
  for 10 years?
• After finding the cost of solar panel
  installation, how much could this town be saving
  after this 10 year period?

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Final Exam Review Slides

• Part 2 Air Pollution, Global Warming and Solid
  Waste

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ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS
REALLY HOT
COLD, DESTROYS METEORS
CONTAINS O-ZONE LAYER (UV Rays)
CONTAINS GREENHOUSE GASSES
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Smog and Air Pollution

• Types of Smog
• Photochemical Smog Nitrogen-based (cars)
• Industrial Smog Sulfur-based (factories)
• Temperature Inversions and Heat Islands
• Pollutants
• Primary what is released into atmosphere
• Secondary primary pollutants atmospheric
  gases
• PM10 particulate matter (asbestos) lung
  disease lung scarring

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Measuring Pollution

• Ppm parts per million (1 10,000 ppm)
• Montreal Protocol outlaws CFC sources (aerosol,
  air conditioners, etc)
• Kyoto Protocol reducing Greenhouse Gas
  emissions (CO2 most important)
• Other G.H. gases
• CH4 (permafrost, landfills), H20 vapor, O3 (ozone)

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Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

• Greenhouse Effect gases trap heat on Earth
• Regulates temps, warms planet (now too much)
• Global warming permafrost (methane escapes)
• Atmos CO2 higher in winter than summer (active
  plants)
• Higher CO2 higher temps
• Albedo Effect reflection of light on ice/clouds

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(No Transcript)
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Global Warming Math Problem

• Emission of CFCs is approximately 50 kg of CFC
  per year per 100 humans.
• Given a density of 400,000 humans per hectare in
  LA, calculate the amount of CFCs emitted, in kg
  for the 15,000 m2 city (1 hectare 10,000 m2)

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Types of Waste and Disposal

• Waste Disposal
• Composting (nutrients in soil, NIMBY)
• Landfills (methane, NIMBY)
• Dumping in Oceans (illegal)
• Burning (cheap, air pollution)
• Exporting (not my problem)

• Waste
• Organic (wood, food)
• Recyclable (paper, plastic)
• Toxic (pesticides)
• Soiled (human waste)
• Radioactive (nuclear)

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Waste FAQ

• NIMBY not in my back yard (subways, stadiums,
  landfills, etc)
• Noise, odor, traffic, etc.
• Bioremediation organisms to get rid of waste
• Radioactive waste, oil spills
• Superfund you break it, you buy it.

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Toxicology 101

• LD50 amount of substance it takes to kill 50
  of population
• Ammonia shrimp
• Biomagnification concentration of toxic
  substance increases as it goes up the food chain
  (DDT)
• Acute (sharp, temporary)
• vs.
• Chronic (dull, long-lasting)

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Final Exam Review Slides

• Part 3 Plate Tectonics, Soil and Astronomy

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Plate Tectonics

• Earth Layers
• Crust (thinnest, Earths surface)
• Mantle (thickest, plate tectonics)
• Outer Core
• Inner Core (hottest)
• Oldest rocks closer to core (recycled via
  erosion/plate tectonics)
• Continental Drift plates moving (explains why
  we arent Pangaea anymore)

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The Rock Cycle
Igneous Rock formed as magma (molten rock)
cools and rises up Sedimentary Rock formed via
compaction of various rocks, coming together in
water Metamorphic Rock formed from heat and
pressure of pre-existing rocks
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Convergent vs. Divergent

• Convergent two plates push together (make
  mountains, trenches)
• Subduction Zone
• Pressure pushes up magma ? volcanoes

• Divergent two plates push away from each other
• Fissure
• Magma cooling ? oceanic ridges and rift valleys
  (new sea floor), volcanoes

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Volcanoes

• Convergent, Divergent and Hot Spots (magma close
  to surface)
• Pressure build up eruption
• NOT transform faults (no opening for magma)
• Volcanoes and albedo effect (pyro. Ash reflects
  suns rays)

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Earthquakes

• Convergent, Divergent and Transform plates
• Transform plates sliding past each other
• San Andreas Fault (CA)
• Epicenter on surface
• Focus underground
• Seismogram measures earthquake activity
• P and S Waves
• Richter Scale measures earthquake magnitude

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Soil

• Soil Sand, Loam, Silt, Clay
• Grasslands mostly loam, best for plant growth
• Deserts mostly sand, best for plants needing
  little water
• Forests mostly silt and clay, nutrient poor and
  erosion-prone
• Erosion soil washing away
• Erosion solution stop cutting down trees

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Astronomy

• Terrestrial Planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
• No rings, few to no moons, HIGH density, small
  size
• Gaseous Planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
  Neptune
• Many rings and moons, LOW density, large size
• Keplers Laws
• Planets move around sun in ellipse
• Eccentricity how ellipse-like the orbit is (E
  F/A)
• 0-1 (0 perfect circle, 1 parabola)
• Farther planet is from sun, longer orbit takes
  (T2 d3)
• Planets rotate around sun, stars maintain fixed
  positions

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Star Life Cycle