Phrases and Clauses

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Phrases and Clauses

• A Phrase is a group of related words that is used
  as a single part of speech and does not contain a
  verb and its subject.
• A clause is a group of words that contains a verb
  and its subject.

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Prepositional Phrase

• A prepositional phrase is a group of words
  consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun
  that serves as the object of the preposition, and
  any modifiers of that object. (The object of the
  preposition may be compound.)
• Gabbie and her brother walked in front of the
  stage.
• Bailey and Kaenen waved to us.
• Inside the small cabin Megan and Brenna found
  shelter from the cold.

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Adjective Phrase

• An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase
  that modifies a noun or pronoun.
• A book of jokes might make a good gift.
• Liza, Megan, and Julia are the musicians that
  appeared on the magazine cover.
• Marcus is the young boy in that picture on the
  wall next to his grandfather.
• Is that your car with the flat tire in the
  driveway?

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Adverb Phrase

• An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that
  modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
• My brother looks like my uncle.
• They found the note in an old book.
• Later in the afternoon, the storm brought high
  winds and rain.
• The same movie has been playing for eight weeks.

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Participles and Participial Phrases

• A participle is a verbal, or verb form, that can
  be used as an adjective.
• Present participles end in ing.
• The comedian was amusing.
• Past participles usually end in d or ed.
• That faded rug belonged to my grandmother.
• Hopelessly lost and worried, Zach stopped and
  asked the police officer for directions.
• A participial phrase consists of a participle and
  its modifiers and complements. A participial
  phrase is used as a adjective.
• Imagining herself in space, Justine dreamed she
  was an astronaut.
• She imagined a young woman floating smoothly
  outside a space capsule.
• Soon, soothed by these pleasant thoughts, she
  drifted off to sleep.

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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

• A gerund is a verbal, or verb form, that ends in
  ing and is used as a noun.
• ( Do not confuse a gerund with a present
  participle used as part of a verb phrase or as an
  adjective.)
• Subject Cooking is an art for some people.
• Predicate Nominative His favorite pastime is
  painting.
• Object of a Preposition The road is closed
  because of flooding.
• Direct Object Has the camera crew finished
  filming?
• A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and its
  modifiers and complements. A gerund phrase is
  used as a noun.
• Approaching the dog slowly was the most sensible
  idea.
• The poem celebrated the gentle blossoming of a
  rose.
• By moving through the crowded room, the mayor
  was able to greet all his supporters.

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Infinitive and Infinitive Phrases

• An infinitive is a verbal, or verb form, that can
  be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. An
  infinitive usually begins with to.
• Nouns To solve the puzzle was a challenge.
• Adjective The fastest way to get home is on
  the expressway.
• Adverb The hikers were too tired to take
  another step.
• An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive
  and its modifiers and complements. An infinitive
  phrase may be used as an adjective, an adverb, or
  a noun.
• After his operation, Brent will use leg
  exercises to strengthen his knee.
• Vivian was proud to display her drawings.
• To rescue those people Marcus had a lot of
  courage.

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Appositives and Appositive Phrases

• An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed beside
  another noun or pronoun to identify or explain
  it.
• Appositives are often set off from the rest of
  the sentence by commas. However, when an
  appositive is necessary to the meaning of the
  sentence or is closely related to the word it
  refers to, no commas are necessary.
• The write Toni Morrison is a respected American
  novelist.
• Bill Cosby, a comedian and an actor, has
  written several books.
• An appositive phrase consists of an appositive
  and its modifiers.
• Miss Dominigues, a teacher at the Douglas
  school, is my aunt.
• Martin Luther King, Jr., the well-known leader
  in the civil rights movement, was also a
  minister.

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Independent and Subordinate Clauses

• An independent (or main) clause expresses a
  complete thought and can stand by itself as a
  sentence.
• The poet received many awards.
• Lucille Clifton wrote Sisters, and Diana Chang
  wrote Saying Yes.
• A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not
  express a complete thought and cannot stand alone
  as a sentence.
• A word such as that, since, or what signals the
  beginning of a subordinate clause.
• that I memorized
• what she said
• since many people enjoy poetry
• The meaning of a subordinate clause is complete
  only when the clause is attached to an
  independent clause.
• Lineage, which is a poem by Margaret Walker,
  is about her ancestors.
• When I read Americo Paredes poem Guitarreros,
  I really liked it.

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The Adjective Clause

• An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that
  modifies a noun or a pronoun. Unlike an adjective
  or adjective phrase, an adjective clause contains
  a verb and its subject. An adjective clause
  usually follows the word it modifies and tells
  which one or what kind. An adjective clause is
  usually introduced by a relative pronoun.
• Relative Pronouns
• that which who whom which
• Those who are competing in the next race should
  take their staring positions.
• I especially like stories that contain suspense.
• Science, which is taught by Ms. Pitrello, is my
  favorite class.
• Have you met the man who lives next door?
• The woman for whom she works does medical
  research.

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The Adverb Clause

• An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that
  modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
  Unlike an adverb or adverb phrase, an adverb
  clause contains a verb and its subject. Ad adverb
  clause tells how, when, where, why, to what
  extent, how much, how long, or under what
  conditions.
• Subordinating Conjunctions
• after although as as if as long as
  as soon as as though
• because before how if in order that
  since so that
• than though unless until when whenever
  where
• wherever whether while
• Jake missed the game because he overslept.
• If Milan is late, Imani will be unhappy.
• Before we played the game, we had a long
  practice.

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The Noun Clause

• A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a
  noun. A noun clause may be used as a subject, a
  complement (predicate nominative, direct object,
  indirect object), or an object of a preposition.
• Common Introductory Words for Noun Clauses
• How when who if where
  whoever that whether
• Whom what which whomever whatever
  whichever why
• Subject That I love baseball is a well-know
  fact.
• Predicate Nominative Bread was what Deryn made
  for the picnic.
• Direct Object He knew which bear was in the
  cave.
• Indirect Object I will give whoever wins the
  race a trophy.
• Object of a Preposition She is grateful for
  whatever help she can get.

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