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Phrases and Clauses

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Title: Phrases and Clauses


1
Phrases and Clauses
  • (Expanding simple sentences into complex
    sentences).

2
Phrases a group of words that lacks a subject,
a verb, or both.
3
Prepositional
  • Preposition a word used to show the
    relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other
    word in the sentence. Common prepositions
    about, above, across, around, at, before,
    between, by, concerning, during, except, for,
    from, in, into, of, over, since, through, to,
    toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within.
  • Def. A prepositional phrase is a group of words
    beginning with a preposition and usually ending
    with a noun or pronoun.
  • Examples at the lake inside the house under
    the sea along the path
  • Rule of thumb Prepositional phrases do not
    stand by themselves they are parts of a sentence
    and are used as modifiers (a modifier is a word
    or phrase that describes or makes more definite),
    sometimes as adjectives and at other times as
    adverbs. An adjective phrase is a prepositional
    phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun ex.
    That tall building with the red tower is our new
    library. An adverb phrase is a prepositional
    phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
    another adverb ex. Louisa May Alcott wrote with
    great care.

4
Strategy 1 Combine sentences by using
prepositional phrases.
  • Not Combined Handlers can usually train dogs.
    Training is in basic obedience. Training takes
    about eight weeks.
  • Combined Handlers can usually train dogs in
    basic obedience in about eight weeks.
    (prepositional phrases in bold)

5
Participial phrases
  • Participle a word that is formed from a verb
    and used as an adjective ex. The talking
    students were asked to be quiet. The cheering
    fans waited for their team to arrive.
  • Def. A participial phrase is a phrase
    containing a participle and any complements
    (complement - one or more words in the predicate
    that complete the meaning of the subject and
    verb) or modifiers it may have. A predicate is
    the part of the sentence that says something
    about the subject i.e. the verb and those words
    that follow ex. John (subject) walks by the road
    (predicate).
  • Examples Nodding his head, the student agreed
    with the teacher. Holding her breath, the
    cheerleader waited for the results. Disturbed by
    his letter, she called him on the phone.

6
Strategy 2 Combine sentences using participial
phrases.
  • Not Combined Handlers and dogs work together.
    This strengthens the bond between pet and master.
  • Combined Handlers and dogs work together,
    strengthening the bond between pet and master.
    (participial phrase in bold)

7
Appositive phrases
  • Appositive a noun or pronoun that follows
    another noun or pronoun to identify or explain
    it. Ex. Her sister Nancy was a year older. My
    favorite dog Sherman ran away from home.
  • Def. An appositive phrase is made up of an
    appositive and its modifiers.
  • Examples We drove through Tallahassee, the
    capital of Florida. George Washington, the first
    president of America, was a great military
    leader.

8
Strategy 3 Combine sentences by using
appositive phrases.
  • Not Combined A training collar helps the handler
    correct the dog. It is the handlers most
    important tool.
  • Combined A training collar, the handlers most
    important tool, helps correct the dog.
    (appositive phrase in bold)

9
Other Phrases
10
Absolutes p. 220
  • A word group that modifies a whole clause or
    sentence, usually consisting of a noun followed
    by a participle or participial phrase.
  • Ex. His tone suggesting no hint of humor, the
    minister told us to love our enemies because it
    would drive them nuts.

11
Gerunds
  • A verb form ending in ing that is used as a
    noun.
  • Ex. Jogging can be good exercise.
  • A gerund phrase includes the gerund and all the
    words related to the gerund.
  • Ex. Shouting at people does not make them
    understand you better.

12
Infinitive
  • A verb from that can be used as a noun, an
    adjective, or an adverb. It has the word to
    directly before the plain form of the verb.
  • Examples
  • To forgive does not always mean to forget. (used
    as a noun)
  • The best time to visit the north is in the
    summer. (used as an adjective)
  • They were eager to try. (used as an adverb)
  • An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive
    together with its complements and modifiers.
  • Ex. To lift those weights takes a lot of
    strength.

13
Clauses
14
Adverb Clauses
  • An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that
    modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb by
    telling how, when, where, or under what condition
  • Adverb clauses begin with subordinate
    conjunctions and answer such questions as where,
    why, when, how, to what extent, in what manner,
    and under what conditions.
  • Subordinate conjunctions
  • After, although, as, because, since, though,
    unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever,
    while, that, as long as, even though, in order
    that, so that, provided that, as if.

15
Adverb Clauses continued
  • Example Because the house had been empty for so
    long, the lawn and garden were choked with weeds.
    The adverbial clause is underlined and because
    is the subordinating conjunction.
  • When combining two sentences, identify the less
    important sentence and join it with the other
    sentence by adding a subordinating clause dont
    forget to use punctuation when combining..
  • Example The medium-sized sun will last longer
    than more massive stars. Massive stars burn up
    their fuel at a very fast rate. When combining
    these two sentences using an adverb clause, it
    looks like this Since massive stars burn up
    their fuel at a very fast rate, the medium-sized
    sun will last longer than more massive stars.

16
Adjective clauses
  • An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used
    as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.
  • Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns
    who, whose, that, whom, which OR relative
    adverbs when, why, where.
  • Note Sometimes a relative pronoun is omitted.
    The missing pronoun, however, is understood and
    still functions in the sentence.
  • Examples
  • The flowers (that) I bought for my mother are
    beautiful.
  • The friends (whom) I visited are my cousins.

17
Adjective clause continued
  • Example The novel that I read in class was very
    interesting. The adjective clause is underlined
    once and the relative pronoun that introduces the
    clause is italicized.
  • When combining two sentences, identify the less
    important sentence and join it with the other
    sentence by adding a relative pronoun Add commas
    when you use the word which.
  • Ex. The school has just been declared a landmark.
    The school was renovated last year. When
    combining these two sentences using an adjective
    clause, it looks like this The school, which
    was renovated last year, has just been declared a
    landmark.
  • Ex. I borrowed a novel from the library. The
    novel is about the American Revolution. When
    combining these two sentences using an adjective
    clause, it looks like this The novel that I
    borrowed from the library is about the American
    Revolution.

18
Noun Clauses
  • Noun clauses often begin with the words that,
    which, who, whom, or whose (the same pronouns
    used to begin adjective clauses). Noun clauses
    can also use variants of those words such as
    whichever, whoever, or whomever. Noun clauses
    may also begin with the words when, where,
    whether, why, how, if what, or whatever.
  • Examples
  • No one knew where we were headed.
  • She asked whether we should go.
  • Do you know when you are leaving?

19
A Final Note about Noun Clauses
  • Sometimes students confuse noun clauses
    functioning as appositives with adjective
    clauses. Remember, appositives rename the noun
    before them, whereas adjectives describe that
    noun.
  • Examples
  • The report that there was an earthquake alarmed
    my mother. (Noun clause)
  • Notice that you can replace the report with
    that there was an earthquake. And both, of
    course, can be replaced with the pronoun it.
  • The report that was in the paper explained the
    situation. (Adjective clause)
  • You can not say That was in the paper explained
    the situation.
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