Emerging Zoonoses in West Africa

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Emerging Zoonoses in West Africa

• Zékiba Tarnagda1 Dieudonné Tialla1 and Séni
  Kouanda2
• 1Unité des Maladies à potentiel épidémique,
  maladies émergentes et zoonoses (UMEMEZ),
  Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes,
  Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé
  (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
• 2Unité du VIH/sida et maladies associées,
  Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé
  (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
• 3rd SYMPOSIUM 2016
• Africas preparedness for emerging viral
  infections lessons from HIV/AIDS and EBOLA and
  outlook for ZIKA LASSA

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Emerging Zoonoses in West Africa

• Zoonosis definition Any disease or infection
  that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate
  animals to humans and vice-versa is classified as
  a zoonosis according to WHO definition.
• Zoonoses have been recognized for many centuries,
  and over 200 have been described.
• They are caused by all types of pathogenic
  agents, including bacteria, parasites, fungi,
  viruses and unconventional pathogens.

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Emerging Zoonoses wideworld
Courtesy of Dr Angela Merianos CDS/CSR/ARO, WHO
Geneva
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INTRODUCTION

• It has been estimated that nearly 2/3 (61) of
  all human infectious diseases and 75 of all
  emerging diseases are of animal origin.
• The WHO is engaging in an ever-increasing number
  of cross sectoral activities to address health
  threats at the human-animal-ecosystem interface.

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INTRODUCTION

• These threats include existing and emerging
  zoonoses as well as antimicrobial resistance,
  food-borne zoonoses, and other threats to food
  safety.
• In developing countries, urbanization and the
  production of food within and around cities is
  increasing dramatically.

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INTRODUCTION

• West Africa, with an urban growth rate of 6.3
  per annum is no exception.
• In this region subsistence, small-holder and
  commercial scale production systems all play a
  role in satisfying the growing urban food demand.
  

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INTRODUCTION

• While these urban production systems have the
  potential to improve both household food security
  and welfare, they also pose risks to both humans
  and animals in the form of zoonotic infections
  and environmental contamination.

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INTRODUCTION

• However, the deficiency in baseline
  epidemiological data on the occurrence of
  zoonotic diseases in humans and animals in West
  Africa poses a challenge in identifying zoonotic
  infections of primary importance.

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• What is about identified zoonotic diseases in
  West for the two last decades?

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• shigellosis in Côte dIvoire and Burkina Faso in
  1999after Tabous ethnic conflict, more than
  twenty thousands cases of shigellosis due to
  Shigella dysenteriea type 1 were detected in the
  Region of Gaoua, Burkina Faso (Tarnagda et al.,
  2001)

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• High pathogenic avian influenza in five countries
  (Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Niger, Burkina Faso and
  Côte dIvoire) in 2006One human case in Nigeria
• These HPAI (H5N1) outbreaks occurred in all these
  countries with great economic losses (Ducatez et
  al., 2007)

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STUDIES AND RESULTS
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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• Poultry Killing in Burkina Faso in 2006 (Outbreak)

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• collected paired tracheal and cloacal swabs from
  wild birds including vultures, RT-PCR was
  positive for HPAI (H5N1)
• We know hooded vultures can flight more than
  hundreds and hundreds Km per day and that is an
  excellent way to spread the disease throught the
  continent.

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• nontuberculous tuberculosis,
  brucellosis and Buruli Ulcer in the
  North 0f Ghana and the South of Burkina
  Faso (2012-2015).

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• Bovine tuberculosis in
  Burkina Faso (Tarnagda et al., 2014
  Sanou et al., 2014)

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• brucellosis in Senegal in 2012 (Tialla et al.,
  2014).
• The frequency of risk behaviors toward this
  zoonosis was determined using two epidemiological
  surveys that inventoried the known risk factors
  of brucellosis transmission between animals and
  humans.

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• These results show that brucellosis is present in
  dairy cattle farms in suburban Dakar. Since the
  milk produced in these farms is used to supply
  the city of Dakar, measures must be developed to
  promote brucellosis prevention methods aimed at
  Dakars population.

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• Q fever in Mali in 2009 (Sidibe et al., 2013)
• Bacterial disease due to Coxiella burnetii.
• 2006-2009, sera tested by indirect ELISA showed a
  prevalence of 35 of Q Fever in ovine species.
• In Mali, losses in the reproduction are the main
  constraints of improvement of small ruminants
  productivity.

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• These losses the causes of which are still under
  investigated include infertility, abortions,
  orchitis and weakness.
• The transmission to human can occur by contact or
  by respiratory route

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• Toxoplasmosis in Burkina Faso
• In total three hundred and fifteen (315) bovine
  sera were analyzed.
• The overall seroprevalence materialized by the
  presence of IgG anti - T. gondii was 14.3
  (45/315, IC 95 10.7 -18.5).

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• Our findings suggest that T. gondii flows in
  bovine livestock in Bobo-Dioulasso (Bamba et
  al.,2014).Monitoring strategies should be
  developed by the animal health authorities in
  order to minimize financial losses ensuing and
  which can be potentially serious for agropastoral
  countries such as Burkina Faso.

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STUDIES AND RESULTS

• Ebola virus disease in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra
  Leone (2014-2016).

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STUDIES AND RESULTS
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West Nile Virus

• First isolation in Ouganda, 1937
• First outbreak in Israel.
• One of Flavivirus often detected in the
  environnement of Africa, Asia, Europe.
• Not data in West Africa

Courtesy of J.P. Vaillancourt
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Transmission Cycle of West Nile Virus
vectors
Secondary Hosts
D. Furry, 2003.
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West-Nile Virus in human Iceberg
10 fatal (lt0.1 of infections)
1 neurologic case 150 infections
lt1 meningo-encéphalitis
20 West-Nile Fever
80 Asymptomatic cases
Courtesy of J.P. Vaillancourt
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Rift Valley Fever
endemic
at risk
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USUTU VIRUS(USUV)

• Usutu a name of a river in Swaziland
• flavivirus looklike West Nile Virus
• Isolated from mosquitos in Africa
• Transmissible to birds and humans.
• Lack of data in West Africa

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Usutu Virus in Africa
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Confirmed Cases of BSE per month and year in UK
Cas ESB/mois
Cas de vMCJ au RU 156 ( 14 en France, 3 en
Irlande, 1 en Italie, 1 à USA, 1 en Arabie
Saoudite, 1 au Canada, 1 au Japon, 1 aux
Pays-Bas, 1 Portugal) Total 179 (13 juin
2005)
3500
Augmentation de la subvention de 50 à 100
Interdiction Des FVO
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1ère confirmation histologique
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15
6
10
10
17
2
18
20
3
9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
2002 2003 2004
Années
5 ans
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1990
BSE in Europe
Pas dESB rapportée
1986
1989
1990
1991
1994
1997
2000
2001
2002
Premiers cas chez les animaux autochtones 1998-
Liechtenstein 2001 - Japon 20 2002 - Israel 1
2003 Canada 4 - USA 1
Courtesy of Ray Bradley Private BSE
Consultant November 2003, actualisation 31
december 2003
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Conclusion

• Going through all these occurred zoonotic
• diseases and not yet investigated
• zoonoses, it is mandatory to highlight the
• importance of their economical and
• sanitary burden to convince health authorities
• to promote their diagnostic, control and
• prophylaxis in the concept of One Health

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Acknowldgement

• To SAA for inviting me to attend this great and
  important Symposium
• To all partners for all supports
• To Ghana people for the warm hospitality

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Thank You