Canine Rabies Elimination from the United States:

1
Canine Rabies Elimination from the United States
an Epidemiological and Virological Perspective
Andrés Velasco Villa, Serena Reeder, Jesse
Blanton,Lillian A Orciari and Charles E.
Rupprecht Rabies Unit Poxvirus and Rabies
Branch Division of Viral and Rickettsial
Diseases Coordinating Center of Infectious
Diseases Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
The findings and conclusions in this report are
those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the views of the funding agencies. Use
of trade names and commercial sources are for
identification only and do not imply endorsement
by the US Department of Health and Human services.
2
Disease definition
Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused
by the members of the Lyssavirus genus and
Rhabdoviridae family
Rabies causes more than 55, 000 human deaths,
every year, throughout the world.
3
Rabies epizootiology
RABIES RESERVOIRS
WILD RABIES
URBAN RABIES
Vampire bat
Silver hair bat
Big brown bat
Raccoons
Gray foxes
Arctic foxes
Coyotes
Free tail bat
Red bat
Stripped skunk
Spotted skunk
Mongooses
RABIES ASSOCIATED WITH TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORES
RABIES ASSOCIATED WITH BATS
VECTORS
Cats
Ferrets
Raccoon dogs
Goats and Sheep
Humans and horses
Beavers and woodchucks
Pigs
SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES (DEAD ENDS)
4
History of rabies control and its elimination
from the United States
Last dog rabies enzootics in the United States
5
Major rabies enzootics in terrestrial carnivores
and the last rabies outbreak that involved both
dogs and coyotes in the United States
FOX
1988
6
Major Terrestrial RABV Biotypes Geographic
distribution in the US and Mexico.
7
General and objective
To characterized, at genetic level, all RABV
variants and lineages historically associated
with enzootic rabies in dogs in the US in order
to understand and follow up its elimination,
evolution and re-emergence in wildlife canines.
8
Results
9
Searching the origin of re emerging enzootic dog
rabies in the US the domestic dog/coyote case,
part I
? Potentially, more cases during 2006
West US-Mx border Dog-coyote D11
East Texas-Mex Border Dog-coyote D1

?
Yucatan Dog D10

Estado de Mexico Dog D5 and D6
Puebla-Tlaxcala Dog D3, D7, D8




Michoacan Dog D2, D4
Guerrero-Oaxaca Dog D9
Chiapas Dog
Extinct dog rabies focus
10
Searching the origin of re emerging enzootic dog
rabies in the US the domestic dog/coyote case,
part II
11
64
D5
E19
D13
E20
E17
A14
A15
G5
F6
B12
Coyote/Dog East US- Mexico border 1976-2002
C8
D6
E14
C7
G3
H2
A16
C5
C12
D8
B19
H5
B13
D15
C3
C14
A8
B14
D13
Consensus amino acid change with respect Dog
variants. Amino acid Serine change to Threonine
in position 426.
A6
A9
C13
G4
B10
B2
E12
I6
H4
65
C9
A1
F17
C1
B17
I4
A4
H3
B20
B16
I5
F5
B5
D2
G1
A10
C21
B4
E11
E3
A13
A3
D1
H1
C19
B7
C2
F1
E8
I3
D4
F12
A12
I2
89
A18
C17
A5
F11
D14
A17
63
B1
D3
I1
B3
D16
G6
A2
E1
D17
B15
B11
B18
71
C11
C6
D7
F13
E10
G2
E7
E9
E2
F10
E5
D10
F14
62
E4
E16
F15
F3
F2
F4
E6
D2, D3 Puebla-Tlaxcala 1978-1995 Michoacan
1989-2000
E15
D2 Michoacan Dog
D3 Puebla Tlaxcala Dog
D9
D6DFEdoMexDg
67
D8PueTlxDg
D7PueTlxDg
D5EdoMexDg
D4MichMorDg
84
D10YucDg
3853 El Salvador, Central America Hm 2003
4486chisdg02
95
D11 West Texas US Mexico border Dog Sonora Dog
D11 West US-Mexico border dog foci 1961-1995
Sonora Dog variant
C16
67
88
C20
W6UScaliforniaSK7494
W7Yucunidentifiedreservoir
W9MxBCSSk9002
W4732californiaSK
W5USNorthcentralSk8498
WestCAnSK
W2UsMxGrayfox7902
96
3886Sonsk2003
W1SinDgoSk01
E13
D12
70
C15
C10
W3 US Texas gray fox 83-97
W3 US Texas gray fox 83-97
D9
99
A11
E18
D11
B6
C18
66
C4
99
SD53304
94
SD55304
SD54304
11104304
98
F016304
W11 US Southcentral Skunk 84-99
SNP11104304
99
W11 US Southcentral Skunk 84-02
60
B9
89
W12CanadaUSRaccoon
W12
99
W13MxNorthcentralSk
LCNA
LCMx
LCCi
LBNA
96
87
LMx
LCi
LANNA
77
65
HTCi
HTAg
HTMx
97
Mevcaluc9295
MCUS
MCAzCAUSA8693
PipistrellusUSA
99
61
EF1aCOUSA8502
EF1
71USA72EF1b
AF394869ap93ca
AF394868ap91ca
MCiAg
TdbrCidmtc
EF2AZ
Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana North America
88
EF2US
TBCiAg
99
Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana North America
B8
70
Dr7
Dr6
89
92
Dr1
Dr2
Dr3
75
DrSA
Dr4
Dr5
68
Duvenhage2
EBL2
0.05
12
1700Mxdfdg99
1766Mxdg02
575Mxtlxdg00
409 01550F
73
D8 Dog Puebla Tlaxcala 1999 2002
457Mxpuedg01
2749Mxpuepg00
84
177 02
2609Mxgtoct01
1769Mxpuedg02
67Mxtlxdg02
1096-00
440Mxgrodg99
D7 Dog Puebla Tlaxcala 1994 2001
657Mxdgosk01
75
1390Mxmxdg99
3143Mxpuebv94
99
D6 Estado de Mexico 1991 1998
3134Mxdfpg91
3121Mxdfhm91
3142Mxdffer90
D4 Michoacan 1991 1993
3138Mxmichdk91
1407Mxmxdg00
1634-99
95
83
D5 Estado de Mexico 1991 2002
1587Mxdfdg00
100
1027 02
2509Mxmxdg02
2411-99
202Mxgrodg00
D9 Guerrero Oaxaca 1992 2003
99
250Mxgrodg01
Mexican dog lineages
251Mxgrodg01
175Mxyucdg98
10Mxyucdg95
89
110Mxyucdg97
100
D10 Yucatan 1995 2002
151Mxyuc98
428Mxyucct03
182Mxyucdg98
412Mxyucdg02
71
Chiapas and Central America 2001 2003
60Honddg01
3066Mxchisdg02
100
97
Michoacan 1990 1991
3122Mxmichct90
95
3123Mxmichbv91
D11 Sonora Dog West US Mexico border 1961 1991
3128Mxdgodg91
99
3144Mxchihbv94
Cosmopolitan dog variant
3124Mxpuedg91
100
D3 Dog Puebla-Tlaxcala 1978 1995 D2 Michoacan
1989 2000
3126Mxpuepg93
3127Mxtlxgt91
90
3147Mxqrodg95
3151Puedg95
490Mxmichdg00
77
247Mxcoahcy01
3306Mxct02
99
B14Ustxcyken92
D1 Coyote/Dog East US Mexico border 1976 2002
H2USTXWillcy98
98
E15USTXzavdg95
F2USTXlasallecy96
Rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores
E14USTXhgocy95
G1USTXWebbcy97
B15UScyduv92
3907Mxsonbct
100
W2 Arizona gray fox variant
3140Mxsonbct94
3148Mxchihbct94
100
FluryLEP
Flury LEP and HEP
HEP-flury
W3 Texas gray fox variant
65
D9USTxdglub94
76
YC63China
CVS11
99
91
PM1503
Vaccine strains related with CVS
MRVChinahenan
100
RAVNUCM61047
75
CVSFR
AV01
78
RdfxEurope
RacdgfxEastEu
98
European and Middle east red fox
StepfxRdefxFareast
RedfxMiddleast
African 1 dog
Africa1b
89
72
Africa1a
RCHLAB009663
Vaccine strains red fox related
86
NiCEAB128149
100
NishigaraAB044824
84
South American Dog variant
BrdgV2
100
SADB19M31046
SRV9AF499686
SADB19 and Puerto Rico
2840PuertoRico
PrdgV1
68
88
100
2839PuertoRico
Baja California Sur, skunk
1629Mxbcssk01
3908Mxslpsk
100
100
OrgTIndAY956319
ArctfxPakistan
Arctic fox and arctic like variant
U11734ontario24
100
U03769arctica1
100
77
AY352499ArctAK
83
ArctfxSibCan
100
African mongoose
76
1500AFS Viverrid
100
Viver African AF467949
West African dog, Africa 2
8660GUIAFR2
100
88636HAVAFR2
100
Asian dog
AsiandgInd-SriL
AsiandgThai-Viet
71
100
2311Mxzacsk01
73
85
2818Mxslpsk02
North American Skunk and raccoon variants
1516-01
RaccoonCAnUs
100
SHBRVAY705373
LC8
57
100
3901Mxmichbv03
3902Mxmichbv03
98
100
TB1
AF394876 TB
100
1475 00
Rabies associated with bats
North American RV bat variants
2153Salvhm02
3888Mxbvtamp03
99
460
91
3891verbv03
99
3858Mxhgoov03
3861Mxhgobv04
3878Mxslpbv04
AY573943flyfxGT7
Outgroup, other Lyssavirus species
U22845GT5
U22846GT6
99
0.05
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Dog Rabies and Human Migrations
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Final Remarks
Our study showed that rabies virus associated
with enzootics in dog populations has evolved
over time, in discrete geographic lineages which
may be translocated by human related activities.
We were able to detect historic movement
patterns of major dog rabies enzootics which in
turn are consistent with the demographics and
immigration patterns of the Mexican and Central
American populations described by the Sociologist
Jorge Durand 2005.
We also showed potential historic disseminations
of enzootic dog rabies into wild life populations
such as those illustrated by the phylogenetic
analysis in gray foxes and coyotes in Texas.
This findings stress out the importance of the
historic follow up of rabies epizootics in order
to assess future burdens for animal and public
health.
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Acknowledgements
To Texas Department of Health, Austin, TX L.
Zuckero P. Hunt S. Oertli L. Robinson National
Zoonoses Program from the Ministry of Health,
Mexico. Dr Fernando Vargas Pino and Rabies
Laboratory at InDRE, from the Ministry of Health,
Mexico.