Forest Encyclopedia

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Forest Encyclopedia Wonders of the
Forest

• Sponsored by
• the students of 4th grades
• Slonim gymnasium 1
• Slonim, Belarus
• Teacher - Irina Volynets

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CREATORS

• Tanya Benko
• Kate Dyatlova
• Kate Sinitsa
• Kate Risunova
• Ksenya Sosnovskaya
• German Deshko
• Diana Alisevich
• Dasha Belevich
• Kate Skobeiko
• Slava Tsydik
• Vanya Volynets

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Special gratitude to
3-5 graders Greenacres School , USA
TEACHERS Christine Kolstoe Kelly Kerani, Gina
Fosco, Kate Marshall
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CONTENTS
Forests pages 3-8

• Forests in Belarus
• Slonim gymnasium 1, Slonim, Belarus
• Pages 11 33
• One way or another to be clean
• Greenacres School, Scarsdale, NY, USA
• Pages 34 -36
• The Temporate Rainforest in
  Washington State
• Lynnwood Elementary, Lynnwood, WA, the USA
• Pages 37 44
• Forests in Nebraska,
• St. Stephen the Martyr School
• Omaha, Nebraska, USA

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FORESTS

• A forest is a large area of land covered
  with trees. But a forest is much more than just
  trees. It also includes smaller plants, such as
  mosses, shrubs, and wild flowers. In addition,
  many kinds of birds, insects, and other animals
  make their home in the forest. Millions upon
  millions of living things that can only be seen
  under a microscope also live in the forest.

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Forests cover 30 of the earths surface
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Forests are of a great importance for us

• Forests help conserve and enrich the
  environment in several ways
• Forest soil soaks up large amounts of rainfall,
  it thus prevents the rapid runoff of water that
  can cause erosion and flooding
• Forest plants help renew the atmosphere
• Forests provide a home for many plants and
  animals that can live nowhere else.

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• Forests can be called lungs of our
  planet. They remove carbon dioxide from the air
  and produce oxygen, e. g. One hectare of pine
  wood takes 12 tons of carbon dioxide and produces
  10 tons of oxygen annually though one hectare of
  fir wood 22,3 and 18,9. People and nearly all
  other living beings require oxygen. If green
  plants didnt continuously renew the oxygen
  supply, almost all life would soon stop. And if
  carbon dioxide built up in the atmosphere, it
  could severely alter the earths climate.

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• The natural beauty and peace of the forest
  offer a special source of enjoyment. In our
  country, huge forestlands have been set aside for
  people s enjoyment. Many people use these
  forests for such activities as camping, hiking,
  and hunting. Others visit them simply to enjoy
  the scenery and to relax in the quiet beauty.

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Forests have a profound influence on our health

• Forests produce a lot of phitoncides -
  volatile substances that have bactericidal
  qualities - they can kill pathogenic microbes.
  They have a wholesome influence on neural system,
  improve substances exchange and stimulate heart
  activity. The phitoncides of Poplar buds, some
  kinds of apples-kill viruses of influenza. A
  branch of a fir which is brought in the room,
  reduces microbes in the air by 10 times. The
  leaves of an oak destroy bacteria of dysentery
  and abdominal typhus .

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Forests in Belarus
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One third of Belarus is covered with forests
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62673 ha
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A Belarusian forest is great and mysterious. It
can never be dull or monotonous. Each path
leading deep in the woods brings you to a green
temple full of wonders, rain-washed and
sun-heated, smelling of conifers, flowers and
herbs to a fascinating world of mysteries,
wonders and new discoveries.
LET'S VISIT A BELARUSIAN FOREST!
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Forest ecosystems are characterized by exclusive
high biodiversity. The flora consists of around
111 different types of trees. About twelve
thousand species of plants and mushrooms can be
found in these forests. Mainly fir and pine wood
trees form these dense forests. There are
thirteen types of pine woods and 12 types of fir
woods available here. In Belarus forests, 28
types of trees as well as around 70 types of
shrubberies can be found.
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The Pine

• A pine is any of a large group of
  evergreen trees that have needlike leaves and
  bear cones. There are about 100 species of pines.
  Almost all of them grow naturally only in the
  Northern Hemisphere. Pines are found in a wide
  range of environments, but they most often grow
  in sandy or rocky soils. They are especially
  common in the mountains of western and
  southeastern North America, southern Europe, and
  southeastern Asia. Some pines reach heights of
  about 60 meters. Others are small and shrublike.
• Pines belong to a group of plants called
  conifers. All conifers reproduce by means of
  cones that produce pollen and seeds. A pine
  differs from other conifers in the way its leaves
  grow. Nearly all pines have needles that grow in
  bundles of two, three, or five each. The leaves
  of other conifers grow in larger bundles or do
  not form bundles.
• Pine rank as the worlds most
  important source of timber. Most pines grow
  rapidly and form straight, tall trunks that are
  ideal for timber. Some pines produce resin, a
  substance used to make such products as
  turpentine, paint, and soap. The wood of many
  pine species makes excellent pulp for the
  manufacture of paper. Pines are also grown as
  shade trees. Some people use sometimes pines as
  Christmas trees.

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The Birch
Scientific classification. Birches belong to the
birch family Betulaceae. Birch is the name of a
group of about 40 slender trees and shrubs that
grow in parts of Europe, northern Asia and North
America. They have a thin bark that peels in
horizontal layers. Some birches have bark that
separates into sheets almost like paper. Birches
produce long catkins (scaly spikes), which
contain tiny flowers. Birch trees may grow in
pairs and in clusters. Their leaves grow
alternately on the twig, and are generally bright
green, turning yellow in autumn. The birch is a
tall, graceful tree with delicate branches. The
slender trunk of the birch has thin peeling
bark. Silver birch grows in the country where I
live. Silver birch is a graceful Old World
species. It is easily recognized by its papery,
peeling, black-and-white bark and the ragged base
to the trunk. The brunches of the silver birch
usually droop at the tips (hence the Latin name
pendula, which means hanging). Silver birch grows
mainly on sandy and gravelly soils. In Belarus
the sap from a variety of silver birch called
weeping birch is used in spring to make syrup.
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The Oak

• Scientific classification. Oaks
  belong to the beech family, Fagaceae, and make up
  the genus Quercus.
• Oak is any of a large variety of trees or
  shrubs that bear acorns. There are more than 600
  species of oaks. Nearly all of them grow
  naturally in the Northern Hemisphere only.
• Oaks vary in size and the way they grow.
  Some oaks never become taller than shrubs. Other
  reach height of more than 30 metres. Many oaks
  that grow in warm climates do not lose their
  leaves in autumn. But most oaks found in regions
  with cold winters are deciduous- that is, they
  shed their leaves each autumn. The leaves of many
  deciduous oaks turn beautiful colours, such as
  deep red and golden brown in early autumn. In
  spring oaks produce small, yellowish-green
  flowers. Once fertilized, a female flower will
  become an acorn. The acorn is the fruit of the
  oak. Acorns vary in length from less than 13
  millimetres to more than 50 millimetres.
• Oaks grow slowly and usually do not bear
  acorns until they are about 20 years old. But
  these trees live a long time. Most oaks live for
  200 to 400 years.
• Oaks are an important source of timber.
  Oak wood is heavy, hard and strong and it has a
  beautiful grain. Manufactures use it for
  furniture, barrels, boats, and railway sleepers.
  Many of the once extensive oak woods of Europe
  were destroyed long ago to provide timber for
  boat building and house construction. Cork comes
  from the bark of some oak species. Acorns are an
  important source of food for wildlife. In some
  countries pigs and poultry are fed on acorns.
• Several kinds of oaks are used to
  provide fannin for curing leather and for making
  blue-black ink. Tannin is found in the bark of
  oak trees but it is also concentrated in galls.
  Cortex Quercus is used as medicine for diarrhoea,
  pulmonary tuberculosis, women s diseases, and
  eczema, for strengthening teeth and gaggling a
  throat.

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Forests offer a diverse set of habitats for
different plants mushrooms, flowers, berries,
herbs and bushes
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The Fauna of Belarus is noted for its diversity.
Around 464 species of invertebrates and more than
thirty thousand vertebrates make the fauna of
Belarus. About 60 species of fish and 305 species
of birds are present here. About six classes of
mammals represent the mammal family in Belarus.
Elks, wild boars, deer, roe deer, wolves, hares,
beavers, and wolves are mostly found in the
country
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The Hare

• Hares are very
  fast-moving. The
• European brown
  hare (Lepus europaeus) can run at speeds of up to
  72 km/h (45 mph). They live solitarily or in
  pairs, while a "drove" is the collective noun for
  a group of hares. Their bodies are capable of
  absorbing the g-force produced while running at
  extreme speeds or while escaping predators. Hares
  live in simple nests
• above the ground, and usually
• do not live in groups. Hares are
• generally larger than rabbits,
• with longer ears, and have black
• markings on their fur

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The Hedgehog

• The hedgehog is the name of a dozen
  species of small, mainly nocturnal mammals that
  have a thick prickly coat.
• Hedgehogs hunt for food at night. They eat
  insects slugs, worms, small mammals, snakes,
  birds, and birds eggs. When cold weather comes,
  hedgehogs settle down to hibernate.
• The common European hedgehog is about 25
  centimeters long. It has short ears and legs, a
  short tail and a long nose. Stiff, needlelike
  growths called spines cover its back and protect
  the animal from its enemies. When it is in
  danger, the hedgehog rolls itself into a ball. It
  builds a nest of grass and dead leaves. The young
  are born with the spines beneath the skin to
  avoid damaging the mother. The European hedgehog
  has been introduced into New Zealand.
• Long-eared hedgehogs and the desert
  hedgehogs of Africa and Asia dig out burrows
  where they nest during the heat of the day.

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The Wolf

• The wolf is one of the largest members
  of the dog family . Wolves are expert hunters
  and prey chiefly on large hoofed animals, such as
  caribou, deer, elk and moose. Many people are
  afraid of wolves. They believe wolves attack
  human beings, and the animals eerie howl
  frightens them. But wolves avoid people as much
  as possible.
• Wolves look much like German shepherd
  dogs. But a wolf has longer legs, bigger feet, a
  wider head, and a long bushy tail. Most adult
  male wolves weigh from 35 to 55 kilograms. They
  measure from 1.5 to 2 meters long, including
  the tail, and are about 75 centimeters tall at
  the shoulder. Female wolves are smaller.
• A wolf has excellent vision, a keen sense
  of smell, and fine hearing.
• Wolves eat almost any animal they can
  catch. Many of animals they hunt, such as caribou
  and elk are faster and stronger then wolves.

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The Roe deer

• The Roe deer is the smallest and the most
  widespread from all European deer. It is
  widespread in Western Europe, from the
  Mediterranean to Scandinavia, and from the
  British Isles to the Caucasus.
• It is relatively small, reddish and
  grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold
  environments. The weight of a big male is about
  27 kg. It has rather short, erect antlers and a
  reddish body with a grey face. Its hide is golden
  red in summer, darkening to brown or even black
  in winter, with lighter undersides and a white
  rump patch the tail is very short and barely
  visible.
• The Roe Deer is primarily crepuscular, or
  primarily active during the twilight, very quick
  and graceful, lives in woods although it may
  venture into grasslands and sparse forests. It
  feeds mainly on grass, leaves, berries and young
  shoots. It particularly likes very young, tender
  grass with a high moisture content, i.e., grass
  that has received rain the day before.

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The Lynx

• A lynx is a medium-sized wild cat. It's brown
  and has a lot of dark brown spots on its fur.
  Lynx have short tails and characteristic tufts of
  black hair on the tip of their ears(we call them
  brushes as they look like brushes).They have a
  ruff under the neck, which has black bars),
  resembling a bow tie. They have large padded paws
  for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the
  face. Lynx live in forests where there are a lot
  of shrubs, reeds, and tall grass. They hunt on
  the ground, but they can climb trees and can swim
  swiftly, catching fish. People have killed many
  lynx and now this animal is included in our Red
  Book. Hunting lynx is forbidden.

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These species of birds inhabit our forests
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The Woodpecker

• Woodpeckers live in forests or woodland
  habitats. They possess predominantly white,black
  and brown, green and red plumage and exhibit
  patches of red and yellow on their heads and
  bellies. They have strong bills for drilling and
  drumming on trees and long sticky tongues for
  extracting food. They eat mainly insects and
  their grubs taken from living and dead trees, and
  other arthropods, along with fruit from live
  trees, nuts and sap both from live trees. Their
  role ecologically is thereby keeping trees
  healthy by keeping them from suffering mass
  infestations.

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The Bullfinch

• A bullfinch is a small, stout-billed
  songbird found in Europe and Asia. Its short,
  thick, bulging bill makes it look a little like a
  bull. It is slightly larger than a sparrow. The
  male has a blue-grey back, rosy-red breast, and a
  black beak, crown, wings, and tail. Bullfinches
  feed on berries, seeds, and the buds of shrubs
  and trees. They can cause a great deal of damage
  to fruit trees and flowering shrubs.
• The nest is a distinctive structure with a
  framework of twigs, moss and lichen lined with
  small roots.
• The bullfinch has a soft, piping call,
  which is repeated at intervals.

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Ducks and Swans
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Different insects and micro-organisms live in the
forest.
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Endangered species

• The Belarus Red Book was created to
  protect rare and vanishing species of plants and
  animals.  Currently protected and recorded within
  the Red Book are 17 mammal species, 72 bird
  species, 4 amphibian species, 10 types of fish,
  72 types of insects

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Forests are in danger nowadays.

• Every 45 minutes a hectare of the worlds forests
  is destroyed forever.

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We are responsible for our planet
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GREENACRES SCHOOL
USA
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The Greenacres HawkEnergy Web in Action
by Lily and Lindsay
Watch http//web.me.com/kttrue/Greenacres_Chronicl
es/Videos.html
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LYNNWOOD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
USA
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Forests in Nebraska
St. Stephen the Martyr School
Omaha, Nebraska,USA

• Here are the questions these students
  answered
• What kind of forests are in Nebraska?
• What animals live in these forests?
• What plants grown in these forests?
• Are there endangered animals in Nebraska?
• What can we do to save forests in general?

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Matt

• 1. We have a forest called the Nebraska national
  forest. It is 142,000 acres long. It is the
  biggest forest in Nebraska. The rest of Nebraska
  is mostly a grass land and marsh type of land
• 2. A lot of animals live in forests. Usually
  foxes, birds, etc. Our state bird sometimes lives
  in the big forests or in grasslands. It is the
  Western meadowlark .
• 3. Flowers are a big thing in Nebraska. We have
  flowers like sunflowers. We also can grow crops
  like corn in grasslands.
• 4. Yes there are many endangered species in
  Nebraska. One of the species is buffalo. They
  live on the west part of Nebraska. They are
  mostly raised like cattle, not just in the wild.
• 5. We save forests by cleaning. We need to save
  forests for paper and trees and wild life. Also
  stopping wild fires in forests.

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Brianna

• 1. We dont have a lot of forests but these are
  some of the native trees in Nebraska, Ponderosa
  Pine, and Eastern Cottonwood, Common Hackberry,
  Black Walnut, Bur Oak.
• 2. Some animals that live in Nebraska are
  butterflies, rabbits, squirrels, eagles, geese,
  turkeys, and deer.
• 3. Some plants that live in Nebraska are grass,
  corn, soybeans, green beans, wheat, and trees.
• 4. Some endangered animals are beetle, crane,
  curlew, bald eagle, ferret, plover, shiner,
  sturgeon, and a tern.
• 5. Some ways to save the environment is to pick
  up trash, dont pollute.

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Ben

• The types of trees in Nebraska are Coniferous and
  Deciduous
• The animals that live in Nebraska are unique
  because we have a lot of bunnies, butterflies,
  deer, fish, ducks, birds, and farm animals.
  Sometimes we hunt animals for food.
• The plants that grow in Nebraska are a Goldenrod
  which is our state plant. There are prickly pear
  plants which is a pear growing on a cactus. We
  have a lot of grass so we have a lot of farming.
  And then Sun Flowers that grow naturally.
• An animal that lives in Nebraska that is
  endangered is a Black Footed Ferret. Another one
  is a swift fox. Or an Eskimo Curlew that is a
  bird.
• Nebraska can stop polluting and stop smoking. We
  can also stop hunting animals and stop cutting
  down trees and polluting the air.

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Alexis

• In Nebraska we have Elm, Ash, Hardwoods,
  Ponderosa Pine, Oaks, Eastern Red cedar,
  Hardwood, Cottonwood, Willow, and Ag-forest
  planting forests. Some are located by lakes like
  the Zorinsky Lake. Others are located in some
  other places around other lakes and areas. Most
  forests are located in central and western
  Nebraska. There are some National forests here,
  too.
• Animals that live there include a bald eagle. It
  also includes sometimes a black bear. Theres
  also the white-tailed deer.
• Plants that grow there include Elm and Maple
  trees. It also includes the Pecan tree.
• Animals that are endangered in our forests
  include the whooping crane. It also includes the
  American buying beetle. I only listed some of the
  endangered animals in our forests. There arent
  very many endangered animals in our forests.
• To save forests we should not litter. We can also
  donate money to save them.

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Lauren

• One of the forests in Nebraska is Nebraska
  National Forest. It is a United States National
  Forest. Another forest in Nebraska is Samuel R.
  McKelvie National Forest. It is located in the
  north-central Sandhills.
• The animals that live there are the black-footed
  ferret. There is also a prairie dog. There are
  also many more. All the animals in Nebraska
  forests are wild. The black-footed ferret is
  considered the most endangered animal in North
  America.
• The plants that grow in Nebraska forests are
  grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees. Many plants
  grow there. These plants though are most common
  in Nebraska forests.
• One of the endangered animals is the black-footed
  ferret. Like I mentioned before they are the most
  endangered animal in North America. These animals
  are have the widest range of any endangered
  animal
• To save the forests you can collect money and
  give it to a forest in Nebraska. We can also go
  to someone who works at a forest in Nebraska and
  ask them what you can do. There are many ways you
  can save the forests.

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BRADY

• In Nebraska there are forests having lots
  of trees and plants. The trees are pretty tall
  with lots of leaves in the spring. There are
  different trees in our forests. We have no
  mountains in our forests. It is kind of flat
  with hills. We have a lot of birds like robins,
  eagles, hawks and other many birds. The most
  common snakes we have in our forests are Gardner
  snakes. We also have a lot of squirrels that live
  in our forests. There are also a lot of deer and
  turkey. Some plants in our forest are trees like
  maple trees, and a lot more. We have flowers like
  mums . There are also different types of grass.
  There are endangered animals in Nebraska. Some
  animals that are endangered are prairie dogs and
  black footed ferrets. We cannot cut down so many
  trees . We could save forests by not putting
  harmful toxins into the forests. We could also
  save forests by preventing wild fires.

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LOGAN

• Here are the kinds of forest we have in Nebraska,
  there are no original trees but Nebraskans though
  trees where important so they made a national
  forest where they planted trees.
• The kinds of animals we have here are squirrels,
  deer, birds, frogs, crane, bison, and cats.
• The plants that grow here are the goldenrod,
  sunflower, American bellflower, common boneset,
  narrow-leaf coneflower ,and Virginia strawberry.
• The endangered animals we have in Nebraska are
  eagle, crane, beetle, ferret, curlew, and plover.
• The things we can do to save forest are using
  less paper, planting more trees, not littering,
  and not cutting down trees.

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JOHN

• There arent many natural forests in
  Nebraska. The animals that live here are deer,
  foxes, turtles, and moose and all the animals at
  the zoo like tigers, bears and farm animals.
  They live in trees or at the zoo. The plants
  that grow here need a lot of water. Dont burn
  down trees or recycle and do not us as much
  paper. Pick up litter on the street. Do not
  pollute. Find new ideas to help the
  environment. Do not take as long as showers or
  dont let the water run when you are brushing
  your teeth. Join a club to help keep the earth
  clean. Clean up trash at the beach if you live
  by one.

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THANK YOU VERY MUCH!