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• 2010???????
• ???
• E-mailxtliu_at_scau.edu.cn
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• Bloghttp//www.sciencenet.cn/u/jlxt33

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9 ????Oxygen Family Elements
???? 1?????????? 2???????????????????? 3???SO2?SO
3?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? 4?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??3
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? ?

• 9.1???????
• 9.2 ?
• 9.3 ?????
• 9.4???????
• 9.5???

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?????? S3s23p43d0 1
????Na2S?CaS?(NH4)2S?? 2 ??? (1)
????,H2S?SCl2 (2) ????,CS2
(3) 3d??,SOCl2?SF4?SO3?SF6?? 3 ???-Sn- ????
????Na2S2?FeS2?H2S2?S2Cl2,????H2Sn
(??)?????MSn?????H2SnO6?
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???????????????
??? ???? ?? ??? O??
O2- -O- O OO O? S??
S2- -S- S ? S
???? ???? ???
????? ?????
????? ???
????? ????
???????,????,???????????????????????S?????????-S-
S-S-S-
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9.3 ?????

• 9.3.1 ???
• 9.3.2???????
• 9.3.3???

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1.??????

• ?????????????,??????,????
• 2H2S SO2 3S? 2H2O
• 2H2S O2 2S? 2H2O
• ?????H2S???????????????????

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2 ??????
S?sp3??????S8??

• (1) S8??????,???????? ??????
• ???(orthorhombic) ???
• ???(nonoclinic)?????
• (2) ????????
• S2?????,?S4 , S6 , S8 ??????

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Charles Goodyear Charles Goodyear (1800-1860),
American inventor, experimented with, perfected,
and promoted the use of vulcanized rubber. He was
instrumental in establishing the rubber industry
in the United States. Charles Goodyear was born
on Dec. 29, 1800, in New Haven, Conn. He attended
the local public schools. His father was an
inventor, manufacturer, and merchant of hardware,
especially of farm tools. When Charles was 17,
his father sent him to Philadelphia to learn the
business, and at 21 he returned to become his
father's partner. He married at the age of 24 and
2 years later opened a store in Philadelphia. In
1830 a lifetime of financial distress began for
the Goodyears when both father and son went
bankrupt. On a trip to New York City that year,
Goodyear visited a store that sold goods made of
india rubber, a product only recently
manufactured in America. Inspired by the
possibilities of the material, he determined to
improve its usefulness. His first experiments
were carried out in jail, where he had been sent
for failure to pay his debts. In 1837 Goodyear
settled his family on the charity of friends near
New Haven and went to New York to continue his
work. He received a patent for an improved type
of rubber and was able to find a modest amount of
financial backing. After moving to Massachusetts,
he met Nathaniel M. Hayward, an inventor, whose
patent on a process for mixing sulfur with rubber
he bought. Goodyear intended to combine the new
patented process with his old one, which involved
coating rubber with an acid and metal. During an
argument one day in his shop, Goodyear
accidentally dropped a piece of the
sulfur-impregnated rubber on a hot stove. Instead
of melting, it merely charred slightly. Realizing
the importance of this (two major drawbacks to
using rubber were that it melted at high
temperatures and tended to harden at low
temperatures), he began experiments to discover
the proper proportions and method of baking the
new type of rubber, which he called "vulcanized."
His critical patent was issued on June 15, 1844,
after he had borrowed 50,000 for experiments,
little of which was ever repaid. He claimed to
have found more than 500 uses for rubber and
received patents in all countries except England,
where Thomas Hancock had invented vulcanization
in 1843. When Goodyear died in 1860, he left his
wife and six children 200,000 in debt.
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3. ????????
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??????, S8?????? ???,??? ?,?????
???473K?????, ???,??????? ??????,?????
????????
????????????
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4. ??????
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9.3 ?????

• 9.3.1 ???
• 9.3.2???????
• 9.3.3???

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3. ??????
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???????
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9.3 ?????

• 9.3.1 ???
• 9.3.2???????
• 9.3.3???

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2. ??????
? ?????? ??????,?FeS?CoS?NiS?Ag2S?CuS?
HgS(?????HgS)?PbS?? ???????,?
ZnS??,MnS???,CdS?SnS2??,Sb2S3?Sb2S5??,SnS???
? ??????? ????????????????????,???????
?????
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Photoluminescence of Quantum Dots

• Image of fluorescence in various sized Cadmium
  Selenide Quantum Dots.

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? ?

• 9.1???????
• 9.2 ?
• 9.3 ?????
• 9.4???????
• 9.5???

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9.4???????

• 9.4.1 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.2 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.3 ?????????????

??
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1. SO2
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??
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9.4???????

• 9.4.1 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.2 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.3 ?????????????

??
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2. ??
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(2) ?H2SO4???
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(3) ???(??????)
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? ??????
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? ????? ?????????????????????????,??
?????? ? M2?SO4M?SO46 H2O
M?NH4, Na, K, Rb, Cs
M?Fe2, Co2, Ni2, Zn2, Cu2, Hg2
???? (NH4)2SO4FeSO46 H2O
??? K2SO4MgSO46 H2O?
? M?SO4 M2?(SO4)324 H2O M?V3,
Cr3, Fe3, Co3, Al3, Ga3 ?,
??? K2SO4A12(SO4)324 H2O? ??
K2SO4Cr2(SO4)324 H2O?
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???????????? ??,?????????????????
?? MgSO4 (895 ?)ltCaSO4 (1 149 ?)ltSrSO4 (1
374 ?) ?????????????,???????? ??????
Mn2(SO4)3 (300 ?)ltMnSO4 (755 ?)
????????????????,? 8e ???18e ????????????????
CdSO4 (816 ?) lt CaSO4 (1 149 ?)

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9.4???????

• 9.4.1 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.2 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.3 ?????????????
• 9.4.4 ?????????

??
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3. ????????
(1)??
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(2)?????
Na2S2O4 . 2 H2O????????????,??????
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? ?
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9.4???????

• 9.4.1 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.2 ?(?)??????
• 9.4.3 ?????????????
• 9.4.4 ?????????

??
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1. ??
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2. ???
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?? ?????
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?????(sulfur-nitrogen compounds)
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? ?

• 9.1???????
• 9.2 ?
• 9.3 ?????
• 9.4???????
• 9.5???

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9.5 ???

• 9.5.1 ??
• 9.5.2 ???????
• 9.5.3 ?????????

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9.5 ???

• 9.5.1 ??
• 9.5.2 ???????
• 9.5.3 ?????????

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H2Se?H2Te?????????????25?,1105
Pa??????,H2Se???? 0.084 molL-3,H2Te? 0.09
molL-3 (H2S? 0.1 molL-3),?????H2S??????
H2Se Ka1?1.2910-4 Ka2? 1.010-11
H2Te Ka1?2.310-3
Ka2?1.610-11 ??
H2S Ka1?1.0710-7 Ka2?1.2610-13
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9.5 ???

• 9.5.1 ??
• 9.5.2 ???????
• 9.5.3 ?????????

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H2SeO4?HSeO4-?SeO42-?SeO3?????????????
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