South Asia Regional Workshop

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South Asia Regional Workshop BhubaneswarMarch,
16-18, 2006Key-note Address on

• Sustaining Rural Livelihoods Access
  Mobility-Community Based Initiatives
• By
• Prof S L Dhingra
• Transportation Systems Engineering
• IIT Bombay
• http//www.iitb.ac.in/dhingra

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Introduction
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Problem Domain
Human Activities
Increasing Industrialization Urbanization
Exploitation of Natural Resources
Pollution
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Objectives

• Promotion of sustainable development human
  welfare
• To avoid serious irreversible environmental
  damage
• Protection of natural resources ecological
  components
• To take care of social aspects
• Improved environmental design of the proposed
  projects

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Sustainable Development Concept

• Stability achieved for both social physical
  systems by satisfying present needs without
  compromising need of future generations
• Our transportation decisions and investments
  today should expand, and not limit to the
  economic, ecological, and social choices
  available to future generations

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Main Components
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• Elements of Sustainability
• Ecological
• To preserve dynamic ability of biophysical
  system
• Social
• To stress on elimination of poverty protect
  rights of future generations
• Economic
• To focus economic welfare

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Moving Towards Sustainability

• Smoother traffic flow and reduced congestion
• Reduced fuel consumption
• Reduced emissions
• Encourage use of public transport
• Improve highway safety
• Reduced delays and increased efficiency

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SPARTACUS System

• SPARTACUS System for Planning Research
  in Towns and Cities for Urban Sustainability
• Funded by European Commission
• Tested in Helsinki (Finland), Bilbao
  (Spain), Naples (Italy)
• Essentially adds Environmental
  societal parameters in old system

(Source http// www.ltcon.fi/spartacus/ )
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Spartacus System
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Spartacus System (cont)
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Spartacus System (cont)
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Impacts During Construction and Operation
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Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Building Knowledge Corridors
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Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Creating Pathways to Development
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Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Expanding Social Opportunities
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Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Roads to Prosperity
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Purpose of Technology Transfer

• How the Benefits like economic, social, political
  etc. and the ongoing projects in Rural India,
  their strengthening /empowerment can bring in
  total transformation of Rural India

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Role of Provision of Rural Connectivity and
Accessibility

• Rural people can have easy access to trade,
  education, health and employment
• Villages situated near roads are more prosperous
  than those situated far from roads
• Similarly for the same distances, 23 of workers
  in villages take to non-agricultural activities
  compared to 16 and 12 at 5 8 kms distances
  respectively
• Even overall well-being, measured by mobility and
  ownership of assets and amenities, improves by
  32 through proximity to the road

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NGOs Technical Educations Role

• Adoption of districts for Provision of facilities
  like
• Employment (creation of jobs of perennial
  nature),
• Transportation communication,
• Water supply/energy,
• Management training of rural youth, and
• Sustainable projects for quality of life.

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Suggestions for Funding for T C projects

• Financing of Rural Transportation Projects
• Cess on Marketing Societies like Food Corporation
  of India (FCI)
• Punjab Model using cess on agricultural produce
  by marketing societies to raise funds on
  perennial basis for rural road construction and
  maintenance
• Growing fruit trees on the roadside for the
  purpose of generation of employment and
  beautification

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Suggestions for Funding for T C projects

• Increased mobility and vehicle ownership through
  rural connectivity
• Establishing co-operative vehicle maintenance
  workshops for cluster of villages by vocationally
  trained school children
• Identifying the tourism and Heritage/Historically
  potential villages

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Village Level Transport

• Pedestrian based transport activities take up a
  huge proportion of the active working day
• Differential burden on women collecting
  firewood and water
• Need for better transport and transport
  infrastructure
• Improvement of accessibility and mobility by the
  drivers of the villages.

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Impact of Rural Transport and Poverty Alleviation

• The most immediate poverty-alleviating effect of
  road investment is the local employment created
  in both improvement and maintenance
• Enhancing labour-based methods in these
  investments will lead to short-term employment
  generation
• Roads act as a catalyst to development

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Impact of Rural Transport on Agriculture

• Cultivation of bigger areas
• Utilization of more fertile, though remote, soils
• Production of heavier and better crops and cash
  crops
• Increased utilization of fertilizers and manure
• Reduction in spoilage at crop harvest time
• Better marketing

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Social Impacts of Rural Transport

• Education
• Attendance levels low in schools due to lack of
  access
• Teachers not attracted because of remoteness
• Health
• Better access to hospitals
• Mobile health centres

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Social Impacts of Rural Transport

• Empowerment
• Labour based construction methods provide useful
  cash supplement
• Training in necessary skills is required
• Improved access to markets and towns
• More involvement of rural folk in the cash
  economy
• Better access to urban markets leads to marginal
  savings on transport costs
• Increased Production
• Better access to markets leads to increase in
  farm and agricultural production

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Increasing Demand for Rural Transport Services

• Interconnectivity of rural infrastructure
• Improving the flow of information through
  telecommunication
• Provision of rural markets and storage facilities
• Complimentary investments to rural transport
  interventions

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Increased employment through increased access

• Improved agricultural production better living
  conditions and increased demand of various
  services, like hospitals, markets, banks etc.
• Training for operators, mechanics, drivers to
  help reduce maintenance costs and reduce
  accidents
• Fostering a strong entrepreneurial culture to
  maximize the use of assets

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Increased employment through increased access
(cont)

• Changes in transport regulations to allow use of
  less conventional vehicles, bringing new services
• Providing subsidies for plying vehicles in local
  areas
• Tourism
• identifying tourist attractions in villages
• Bread and Breakfast stops
• Plantations in adjoining areas employment
  generation and environmental improvement
• Better living conditions in villages will reduce
  migration to urban areas

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Job Creation Estimates

• Workshops
• 1 workshop for 5 villages and 5 people per
  workshop implies 1 lakh new jobs
• Local plying of vehicles
• 3 drivers per village plying vehicles locally
  imply 3 lakh new jobs
• Plantations
• 5 people working per village imply 5 lakh new
  jobs

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Job Creation Estimates (contd..)

• Tourism
• 3 bread and breakfast stops per village with 3
  persons in each imply 9 lakh new jobs
• Impetus to rural handicraft industry and cottage
  industry products
• Conservative estimate of 64 lakh new jobs
• Jobs hence created are perennial in nature

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Vocational Training to Supplement increased
employment opportunities

• Vocational training to be introduced for 9th,
  10th, 11th and 12th classes
• Training in all aspects, plus specialization in
  some, like mechanics, gardening, cooking etc.

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Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural
Areas (CTARA), IIT Bombay

• Technological inputs of IIT Bombay to Rural
  development
• Involved in design and development of
  technologies to rural areas
• The current working areas of CTARA include farm
  machinery, food processing, low cost housing,
  renewable energy, water management, rural
  industry etc.
• District level Resource Management and training
  by CSRE based on GIS, GRAM package.

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Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT
Delhi

• Support activities such as academic activities, R
  D and pilot scale evaluation of rural
  technologies and technology transfer
• Objectives
• Identify problems of the rural sector requiring
  science and technology inputs and solve within
  the paradigm of sustainable development
• Generate a sustainable technology base by
  blending appropriately modern with traditional
  knowledge

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Orissa Project (Project SANJOG)

• Covering a cluster of 17 tribal villages under
  Chadeyapalli Gram Panchayat of Daspalla block in
  Nayagarh District of Orissa
• Activities includes construction of village road
  using largely labour-based technologies,
  promotion of suitable IMTs including bicycles,
  launching community bus service, etc.
• It is a rural development model to address the
  access and infrastructure needs of the rural and
  tribal communities based on community centred
  approach

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PURA (Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas)

• Announced by The President on the eve of 54th
  Republic day of India, aims at providing
  amenities similar to urban areas to the rural
  people
• Cluster based approach to achieve uniform
  development for rural
• PURA is to be implemented in 4,130 rural clusters
  across the country in the next five years

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PURA (Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas)

• Creating following types of connectivity within
  them
• Road, Transport and Power
• Electronic (IT, Telecom)
• Knowledge( Educational Training Institutes)
• Market Connectivity

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Warana Co-operative, Maharashtra

• One of the forerunner of successful integrated
  rural development resulting from co-operative
  movement
• Major activities involved are
• Provide computerized facilitation booths in 70
  villages, which are linked up to control computer
  network
• Provide Tele-education to both primary and Higher
  Education institutes by developing IT centres at
  most popular points
• IIT Madras model for district level IT education
  implementation can be a good model

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Bio-Diesel

• Transesterfied vegetable oil derived from oils
  of plants animals
• Plant sources Mahua, Jatropha, Neem, Castor
  etc.
• Similar to diesel fuels with same physical
  characteristics
• Biodegradable fuel, devoid of sulphur and low
  in emissions

Disadvantages
Neat bio-diesel has 13 less energy than diesel
fuel hence 7 loss of power
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Bio-Diesel The Next Generation Sustainable Fuel

• Bio Diesel is a substitute for, or an additive
  to, diesel fuel that is derived from the oils and
  fats of plants, like Sunflower, Canola or
  Jatropha
• Bio Diesel is a renewable domestically
  produced liquid fuel that can help reduce the
  countries dependence on foreign oil imports
• Production of Bio-diesel fuel will also boost
  the rural economy which will bring more
  enthusiasm in more than one billion lives in the
  area
• Also it will provide technological and
  employment generation focuses for the rural
  sector. Use of eleven million hectares of
  wasteland for Jetropha cultivation can lead to
  generation of minimum twelve million jobs

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Approach of Other Organizations

• PMGSY aims at Total Transformation of Rural India
  and road connectivity should do it to a large
  extent
• Planting of fruit trees, flowers and medicinal
  plants on road side. This will generate
  employment and revenue for panchayats
• Punchayat Rajs and NGO could join hands to
  provide sustainable maintenance of rural roads

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Approach of Other Organizations (cont)

• Some of the villages with special heritage
  characteristics could start Rural Tourism
• The Centre proposes to electrify 62,000 villages
  through grid power, during the 10th Five-Year
  Plan (2002-07) under the Pradhan Mantri
  Gramodhaya Yojana
• electrified through decentralized plants based on
  biomass, gasification of biomass, hydro power,
  solar energy, wind energy etc.

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Approach of Other Organizations (cont)

• Biomass is and will remain central to any
  strategy for determining a rural energy solution
• To have at least one model rural road in each
  district/ taluka
• 40,000 villages have been targeted for
  electrification. This may be taken up through
  solar power lighting, Intelligent Street lights,
  etc.
• Huge allocation for rural infrastructure is
  significant for accelerated development as well
  as rapid improvement of quality of life in Indian
  villages

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Providing Rural Amenities in Urban Areas (PRUA)

• Process could be reversed for all the measures to
  provide rural amenities in urban areas

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Conclusions

• NGOs and Technical Educations can adopt
  districts for provision of facilities to generate
  employment
• Overall integrated measures will generate funds
  with panchayats to provide sustained maintenance
  to roads and generate gainful rural employment
• In Budget 2006, as many as 40000 villages have
  been targeted for electrification, this may be
  taken up through Solar Power Lighting,
  Intelligent Street lights, etc.
• Production of Bio-diesel fuel will provide
  technological and employment generation focuses
  for the rural sectors
• Rural connectivity can generate a number of jobs
  in terms of self-employment resulting into
  advancement of livelihood in rural India, leading
  to Transformation of Rural India

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Thank You