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Title: BRICS WORKSHOP - 2006


1
BRICS WORKSHOP - 2006 Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Denmark 12 15 February
BRICS - Countries as Regional Dynamos for
Development
Angathevar Baskaran Middlesex University, London,
UK Mammo Muchie Research Centre for Development
and International Relations, Aalborg
University, Denmark
2
Main Themes
  • Regional Pole in relation to the Wider Region or
    what we call Neighbourhood
  • Using Systems of Innovation perspective to
    conceptualise the regional pole and its
    neighbourhood pole and the hood
  • Whether this relation hinders or promotes
    development

3
Pole Hood A Conceptual Framework
4
Regional Pole and the Neighbourhood Analytical
Framework
  • The opportunities
  • Mutual trade benefits/ competence building /
    learning through institutional linkages and so on
  • The fears
  • Perceived or real threat to local industry/
    market and fear of over dependence
  • Dangers
  • Fears of dependency by the neighbourhood could
    lead to missing opportunities to forge greater
    regional integration
  • On the other hand, if the regional pole ignores
    its neighbourhood and regional integration, this
    could harm it in the long run (globalising
    economy)
  • Existing interactions / Weaknesses and strengths
    in these interactions
  • Trade/ Investments/ Institutional linkages/
    infrastructure linkages/ Higher education/
    technological learning
  • Challenges and Prospects

5
South Africa Problems of Integrating with the
rest of Africa
  • Problems related to the bifurcation of South
    Africas own innovation system
  • Problems related to the weak and often
    non-existent innovation system in many other
    African states
  • General fragility of the ST system
  • Problems related to the funding system
  • Path dependence problems

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7
2000 2004
Developing countries To Africa To Asia 29.1 13.1 9.8 30.8 12.8 12.2
Industrialized countries To EU To USA 44.4 28.6 7.9 56.5 31.8 10.2
Other (transition) 26.6 12.7
Destination of South African Exports
Source IMF Trade data
8
2000 2004
Developing countries From Africa From Asia 33.6 2.1 14.1 40.5 4.2 18.5
Industrialized countries From EU From USA 66.1 44.6 11.9 59.1 44.9 8.5
Origin of South African Imports
Source IMF Trade data
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12
South African Investment
  • 94 of the 100 top corporations listed in the JHB
    Securities Exchange) involved in the rest of
    Africa
  • Food retailer (Shoprite Checkers) has more than
    70 shops in 14 African states
  • MTN mobile provider is in Nigeria, Rwanda,
    Uganda, Cameroon and Swaziland

13
South African Investment
  • SABMiller, second-largest beer brewer in the
    world is market leader in 13 states
  • South African Transport runs Cameroons rail
    road
  • South Africa manages power plants in Mali and
    Zambia
  • SA controls banks and supermarkets in Tanzania,
    Mozambique and Kenya

14
Companies involved in different sectors include
  • Mining Anglo Gold-Ashanti, De Beers
  • Energy/utility Sasol, Eskom enterprises, Umgeni
    Water
  • Telecommunications MTN, Vodacom
  • Transport Transnet, Unitrans

15
Companies involved in different sectors include
  • Construction-Murray and Rob Retail and wholesale
    (market seeking)-Shoprite, Massmart Group
  • Financial Services Stanbic, IDC
  • Tourism Southern Sun, Protea
  • Manufacturing SABMiller, Barlow, World,
    Nampakerts /Group5/Grinaker LTA

16
Sectors in which South African companies operate
  • Transport
  • Construction
  • Financial services
  • Tourism
  • Mining and energy
  • Telecommunication
  • Retail
  • Hydropower Mega-project e.g. Inga dam project in
    DRC

17
India as a Regional Pole and South Asia as
Neighbourhood?
  • The opportunities
  • The fears
  • Dangers
  • Existing interactions/ Weaknesses and strengths
    in interactions
  • Challenges/ Prospects

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19
Table1 India Exports and Imports to Countries
in South Asian Region 2004-05 (in Rs. billion)
Country Exports Imports
Bangladesh 72.2 2.7
Bhutan 3.8 3.2
Maldives 1.9 0.03
Nepal 33.4 15.6
Pakistan 22.9 4.2
Sri Lanka 60.9 16.4
Sourcelthttp//www.dgciskol.nic/pdfs/Emsft_2b.pdfgt
and lthttp//www.dgciskol.nic/pdfs/Imsft_2a.pdfgt
20
  • Indias Total Imports in 2004-05 Rs 4905.3b
  • Total Imports from SAARC countries Rs. 41.96b
  • This amounts to just 0.86 of the Total Imports

21
Table 2 India Exports to and Imports from
Bangladesh 2001-2005 (in US m)
Year Exports Imports Trade Balance in Favour of India
2000-01 873.0 73.9 799.1
2001-02 1002.2 59.1 943.1
2002-03 1176.0 62.1 1113.9
2003-04 1740.8 77.6 1663.2
2004-05 1586.2 54.9 1531.3
Source Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government
of India.
22
  • Major items of Exports from India food grains,
    cotton yarn, fabrics, machinery, instruments,
    glass/glassware, ceramics and coal.
  • Major items of Imports by India raw jute,
    inorganic chemicals, leather, jamdani saris, etc.

23
  • Indian Investment in Bangladesh
  • 28 Indian joint ventures with equity
    participation equivalent to US 16.6m (by the end
    of 2000)
  • 7 wholly owned subsidiaries with total equity of
    US 0.61m
  • Areas covered include textile spinning, building
    industry, chemicals, software data processing,
    and automobile
  • Tata Group has signed an agreement to invest
    US2b to set up a 1000MW power station, a steel
    mill, and a fertilizer unit.

24
  • Links in Education
  • Over 50,000 students from Bangladesh pursue
    higher studies in India. India provides various
    scholarship schemes such as Indian Technical and
    economic Co-operation (ITEC) and Technical
    Co-operation Scheme (TCS) of the Colombo Plan.

25
Table 3 India Bhutan Trade (2001-2003)
Trade (in Rs. billion) 2001 2002 2003
Exports to India 4.70 4.92 5.46
Imports from India 6.98 6.05 9.20
Exports to Other Countries 0.28 0.34 0.19
Imports from Other Countries 2.04 19.7 12.2
Source Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government
of India.
26
Table 4 India Exports to and Imports from
Maldives between 1999 and 2003
Year Exports (in Rs. m) Imports (in Rs. m)
1999 1760 8.0
2000 1684 11.0
2001 1886 13.1
2002 1930 5.5
2003 2107 15.4
Source Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government
of India.
27
Table 5 India Exports to and Imports from Nepal
2002-2004 (in US m)
Year Exports Imports Trade Balance in Favour of India
2002-03 971 362 609
2003-04 1100 425 675
Source Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government
of India.
28
Table 6 India Exports to and Imports from
Pakistan between 2001 and 2005
Year Exports (in US m) of Pakistans Global Trade Imports (in US m) of Pakistans Global Trade
2001-02 186.5 1.8 49.2 0.53
2002-03 166.05 1.35 70.7 0.63
2003-04 382.4 2.45 93.7 0.76
2004-05 (Feb) 297.20 2.4 149.36 1.69
Source Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government
of India.
29
Table 7 India Exports to and Imports from Sri
Lanka between 1999 and 2004 (in US m)
Year Exports Imports Total
1999 512 49 561
2000 (Post FTA) 600 58 658
2001 602 72 674
2002 835 171 1006
2003 1093 245 1338
2004 1350 382 1732
Source Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government
of India.
30
  • INDIA SRI LANKA
  • Sri Lanka is probably Indias only neighbour
    that views increasing economic interdependence
    with India more as an opportunity than as a
    threat.
  • India accounts for about 15 of total Sri Lankan
    imports and it is also the fifth largest
    destination for Sri Lankan exports accounting for
    about 4 of Sri Lankas total exports.
  • Sri Lanka is relatively small market for India.
    It accounts for about 2 of total Indian exports
    and less than 1 of its imports.

31
  • SRI LANKA
  • Major items of Exports from India
  • Transport equipment, cotton yarn, fabrics,
    primary and semi finished iron and steel, sugar,
    man made yarn, machinery and instruments, drugs,
    pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, wheat, glass and
    glassware, ceramics, cement, paper and wood
    products.
  • Major items of Imports by India
  • Non-ferrous metals (Copper), spices, electronic
    goods, electrical machinery, scrap metal, paper
    pulp and chemicals.

32
  • Indian Investment in Sri Lanka
  • India is the fourth largest investor in Sri Lanka
    with US400m in FDI (after Singapore, UK, and
    Australia)
  • India was the biggest investor in 2002 and 2003.
  • Indian Oil Corporation is a major player in the
    petroleum sector through its subsidiary Lanka
    IOC.
  • NTPC and BHEL are collaborating in setting up a
    300MW power plant.

33
  • Links in Education/ Human Resource Development
  • India provides training facilities in various
    professional courses under Indian Technical and
    economic Co-operation (ITEC) (70 places) and
    Technical Co-operation Scheme (TCS) of Colombo
    Plan (50 places), and BIMSTEC (30 places).
  • Major courses under these schemes are financial
    management, auditing and accounting, rural
    development, parliamentary studies, rural
    banking, insurance, plantation management,
    teacher training, textile, engineering and
    railway.

34
Summary
  • All BRICS countries are poles with their own
    neighbourhoods
  • Initiative for a research project on this aspect
    of BRICS as poles with their respective hoods
    focusing on the interaction of the research and
    innovation system
  • More cases and comprehensive data needed
  • Comparative frame, conceptualisation and
    communication using the IS to explain detailed
    empirical variations in the dynamics of
    pole-hood interactions
  • Map the particular trajectories, path
    dependencies and emergent properties
  • A book proposal is prepared to assist the
    development of the project and to move the
    Globelics initiative forward!!
  • Thank you!!!
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