Chapter 27

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Chapter 27 Early Years of the Cold War
Section Notes
Video
Adjusting to Peace War in Korea and a New Red
Scare The Nation Prospers
The Impact of Television
Maps
Cold War Europe, 1955 The Korean War
History Close-up
Inside a Bomb Shelter
Images
Jackie Robinson Advertisement Linking to Today
The United Nations Primary Source Fear of
Communism
Quick Facts
The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences The Fair
Deal Postwar Boom, 1945-1960 Chapter 27 Visual
Summary
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Adjusting to Peace

• The Big Idea
• After World War II, Americans adjusted to new
  challenges both at home and around the world.
• Main Ideas
• As World War II ended, leaders began planning the
  future of the postwar world.
• The United States and the Soviet Union went from
  being allies to enemies after World War II.
• Americans adjusted to postwar life.

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Main Idea 1As World War II ended, leaders began
planning the future of the postwar world.

• War Crimes Trials
• The Nuremberg trials put high-ranking Nazi
  officials on trial.
• The International Military Tribunal of the Far
  East put Japanese officials on trial.
• Established that individuals must be held
  responsible for committing war crimes, even when
  acting on behalf of a government

• Yalta Conference
• Leaders met to discuss Europes future.
• Supported creation of international peacekeeping
  organization
• Agreed on free elections for countries liberated
  from German control

• Potsdam Conference
• Allied leaders divided conquered Germany into
  four zones.
• Britain, France, the United States, and the
  Soviet Union would each control one zone.
• Berlin also divided into four zones

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The United Nations

• In 1944, American, British, Soviet, and Chinese
  representatives met to draft a plan for the
  United Nations an organization dedicated to
  resolving international conflicts.
• In 1945, representatives from 50 countries met to
  write the UN Charter.
• One of its first major actions was to divide
  Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.
• May 14, 1948 Jewish leaders announced the
  creation of nation of Israel.
• Arab leaders protested and invaded.
• Israeli forces drove Arabs back and a truce was
  made.

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Main Idea 2The United States and the Soviet
Union went from being allies to enemies after
World War II.
From Allies to Enemies

• After the war, differences arose between United
  States and Soviet Union.
• Americans committed to capitalism and democracy
• Soviets hoped to spread communism around the
  world.

The Iron Curtain

• Stalin established Communist governments in
  Poland and Eastern Europe, cutting them off from
  the rest of the world.
• The term iron curtain came to be used to describe
  this division.
• The phrase Cold War came to be used to describe
  the struggle for global power between the Soviet
  Union and the United States.

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U.S. Foreign Policy
Goal containment, or preventing the Soviet Union
from expanding its influence around the world
Truman Doctrine policy of providing aid to help
foreign countries fight communism
Marshall Plan Western Europe received more than
13 billion in U.S. loans and grants for European
economic recovery between 1948 and 1952.

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization a coalition
  of the United States, nine Western European
  countries, Canada, and Iceland.
• Members promised to defend each other if
  attacked.
• Soviet Union responded by creating Warsaw Pact,
  a military
• alliance with its Eastern European satellite
  countries.

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Main Idea 3Americans adjusted to postwar life.

• Government urged women to give up their jobs once
  veterans returned.
• The Servicemens Readjustment Act, or GI Bill of
  Rights, offered veterans money for school, as
  well as loans for houses, farms, and businesses.
• Inflation rose as people rushed to buy products
  that were limited during war.

Economy

• More than 35 percent of non-farm workers were
  union members in 1946.
• With inflation on rise, many went on strike.
• Labor unions became a major political problem.
• Government worked to reduce power of labor
  unions.
• Passed the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 that outlawed
  closed shops, or business that could hire only
  union members.

Labor
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Civil Rights after the War

• African American veterans faced segregation and
  prejudice at home.
• Helped lead a major effort to gain equal rights
• Truman appointed Committee on Civil Rights to
  investigate discrimination and suggest solutions.
• Congress failed to act on the committees report.
• In 1948 Truman issued an executive order to
• End segregation in the armed forces, and
• Ban discrimination in the hiring of federal
  employees.

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Election of 1948

• President Truman faced many challenges for
  reelection.
• Southern Democrats opposed his support for civil
  rights laws.
• Republicans controlled Congress and felt their
  candidate, New York governor Thomas Dewey, could
  beat Truman.
• Truman took his case for reelection to the
  American people.
• Traveled thousands of miles and gave hundreds of
  speeches
• Defended his views and attacked Congress
• In 1948 election, Truman won a surprise victory.
• Urged Congress to support his plan for a package
  of domestic programs called the Fair Deal
• Congress approved some parts, including higher
  minimum wage and expanded Social Security
  benefits.
• Congress rejected other parts, including civil
  rights legislation.

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War in Korea and a New Red Scare

• The Big Idea
• During the Cold War, the U.S. government
  confronted communism globally and within the
  United States.
• Main Ideas
• The United States fought Communist North Korea in
  the Korean War.
• Fear of Communists led to a new Red Scare at
  home.
• President Eisenhower faced Cold War crises around
  the world.

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Main Idea 1The United States fought Communist
North Korea in the Korean War.

• Cold War quickly spread to Asian nations of China
  and Korea.
• China in 1949 the Peoples Republic of China was
  established by Communists, led by Mao Zedong.
• Korea after World War II, Korea was divided at
  the 38th parallel with a Soviet-implemented
  government in North Korea and a U.S.-implemented
  government in South Korea.

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Korean War

• On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South
  Korea.
• United States and United Nations responded by
  offering support to South Korea.
• China sent support to North Korea.
• By 1951, UN forces drove North Koreans and
  Chinese back across the 38th parallel but
  fighting continued.
• The unpopularity of Trumans actions during the
  war helped Dwight D. Eisenhower win the 1952
  presidential election.
• Korean War officially ended July 27, 1953 with a
  cease-fire.
• More than 130,000 Americans had been killed or
  wounded.
• Over 2 million Korean and Chinese casualties

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Main Idea 2 Fear of Communists led to a new Red
Scare at home.
Cold War fears led to a new Red Scare in the late
1940s and 1950s.
A Congressional committee known as the House
Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was in
charge of investigating Communist influence in
America.

• In 1947 HUAC launched hearings to expose supposed
  Communist influence in movie industry
• They branded as red, or Communist, actors and
  writers who
• would not answer questions or refused to
  reveal names.
• People suspected of Communist sympathies were
  often
• blacklisted, or denied work.

Explosive spy cases also fed fears that
Communists were at work in the United States.
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Rise of McCarthy

• In 1950 Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy charged
  that Communists were working inside the State
  Department.
• Had no concrete proof
• When charges were challenged, he made up new
  charges.
• This method of making aggressive accusations
  without proof became known as McCarthyism.
• In 1954, during televised hearings, he finally
  went too far.
• Used brutal tactics and bullied a young legal
  assistant
• Public outraged
• Senate later voted to condemn McCarthys actions.
• Came too late to help those whose careers had
  already been ruined by his attacks

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Main Idea 3 President Eisenhower faced Cold War
crises around the world.

• In 1952 America completed development on hydrogen
  bomb, a weapon more powerful than the atomic
  bomb.
• By 1953 Soviet Union developed its own hydrogen
  bomb, thus beginning a nuclear arms race, as both
  rushed to build more weapons.
• In October 1957 Soviets launched Sputnik, the
  first artificial space satellite.
• In January 1958 the United States launched its
  own satellite and established the National
  Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

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Cold War Crises

• Eisenhower supported strategy of brinkmanship, a
  willingness to go to the brink of war to oppose
  communism.
• Used covert, or secret, operations around the
  world to overthrow leaders and influence
  politics.
• 1953 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) helped
  overthrow premier of Iran.
• 1954 CIA helped organize removal of Guatemalan
  president.
• Crisis in Egypt briefly brought Americans and
  Soviets together.
• After crisis averted, Cold War continued.

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The Nation Prospers

• The Big Idea
• An expanding economy led to new ways of life for
  many Americans in the 1950s.
• Main Ideas
• Americas economy boomed in the 1950s.
• Americans enjoyed new forms of popular culture.
• Social critics found fault with 1950s society.

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Main Idea 1Americas economy boomed in the
1950s.

• Millions of Americans earned more money than ever
  and could spend more.
• Young Americans getting married and starting
  families led to a baby boom, a significant
  increase in births.

Economy

• Many businesses and workers moved to the Sun
  Belt southern and western states that offered a
  warm climate year-round and low tax rates.
• 1956 Highway Act encouraged travel and made
  commutes easier.

On the Move
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Suburbs and Cities

• Rising demand for homes encouraged development of
  new suburban neighborhoods.
• By mid-1950s, builders were constructing
  preplanned suburbs all over the country.
• By 1970 more Americans lived in suburbs than in
  cities.
• Suburban life appealed to many.
• Many enjoyed the additional space and
  convenience.
• Suburban life was criticized by others.
• Critics believed suburban life too heavily based
  on consumer culture
• Lacking in diversity most people living in
  suburbs were white and middle-class
• Discrimination some communities refused to sell
  homes to black families
• Move to suburbs meant cities collected fewer
  taxes and began to decline.
• Federal government began urban renewal program to
  improve life in cities.

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Main Idea 2 Americans enjoyed new forms of
popular culture.

• Television
• By end of 1950s, nearly 90 percent of American
  families owned television sets.
• Americans shared the experience of watching the
  same news, comedies, and sports shows.
• American families watched about six hours of
  television a day.

• Music
• New styles of music helped reshape American
  culture.
• New style of jazz, known as bebop, became
  popular.
• Rock n roll swept the nation.
• Teenage fans bought more than 70 percent of all
  records sold in the late 1950s.

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Main Idea 3 Social critics found fault with
1950s society.

• Some women were frustrated at lack of
  opportunities.
• Could only find work in limited fields
• Discouraged by expectation that they would give
  up jobs when they got married
• Novelists commented on society in their work.
• J.D. Salinger criticized culture filled with love
  of money and conformity.
• Ralph Ellison wrote of how African Americans were
  excluded by society.
• Young people known as beatniks, or beats,
  criticized society with unusual writing styles
  and rebellious behavior.
• Beat authors inspired many to question the rules
  of mainstream society.
• Many identified with rebellious characters in
  popular movies of the 1950s.

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