Principles

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It Blows You Away
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• "Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of
  the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly
  to look up to the sun and wind, down into the
  sea's waves"

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Introduction
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• Energy is a major input for overall
  socio-economic development of any society
• The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing
• So renewables are expected to play a key role
• Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable
• Wind turbines are up to the task of producing
  serious amounts of electricity

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Principles
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Uneven heating of earths surface and rotation
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Beaufort Scale
Force Strength km/h Effect
0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically
1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly
2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face leaves rustle
3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move light flag unfurls
4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about small branches move
5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water small trees move
6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway umbrellas turn inside out
7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway difficult to walk against wind
8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees walking very hard
9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down
10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings
11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings
12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation
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Velocity with Height
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Power vs. Velocity
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Lift and drag forces
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Solidity and Tip speed ratio
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Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion
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Potential
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• Huge potential exists
• Available potential can contribute five times the
  world energy demand
• 0.4 contribution to total energy

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Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing
energy source
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Growth of Wind Energy
MW Installed
Year
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Wind Energy generating capacity by country,
1980-2003
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Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005
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Available potential in India
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Wind Power Density of India
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All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004
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State wise potential in India, 2005
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Technology
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Turbine Evolution

• Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain

• Mainly used for
• Generating Electricity

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Types of turbines

• VAWT
• Drag is the main force
• Nacelle is placed at the bottom
• Yaw mechanism is not required
• Lower starting torque
• Difficulty in mounting the turbine
• Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

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• HAWT
• Lift is the main force
• Much lower cyclic stresses
• 95 of the existing turbines are HAWTs
• Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower
• Yaw mechanism is required

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Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE
UPWIND TURBINE
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• Counter Rotating HAWT
• Increase the rotation speed
• Rear one is smaller and stalls at high wind
  speeds
• Operates for wider range of wind speeds

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Offshore turbines

• More wind speeds
• Less noise pollution
• Less visual impact
• Difficult to install and maintain
• Energy losses due long distance transport

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A Typical HAWT
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Turbine design and construction

• Blades
• Material used
• Typical length
• Tower height
• Heights twice the blade length are found
  economical

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• Number of blades
• Three blade HAWT are most efficient
• Two blade turbines dont require a hub
• As the number increases noise, wear and cost
  increase and efficiency decreases
• Multiple blade turbines are generally used for
  water pumping purposes

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• Rotational control
• Maintenance
• Noise reduction
• Centripetal force reduction
• Mechanisms
• Stalling
• Furling

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• Yaw Mechanism
• To turn the turbine against the wind
• Yaw error and fatigue loads
• Uses electric motors and gear boxes
• Wind turbine safety
• Sensors controlling vibrations
• Over speed protection
• Aero dynamic braking
• Mechanical braking

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Improvements

• Concentrators

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Future Wind Turbines

• Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

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Disc type wind turbine

• Much more efficient than HAWT
• Requires less height
• Low noise
• Works in any wind direction

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Economics
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Determining Factors

• Wind Speed
• Turbine design and construction
• Rated capacity of the turbine
• Exact Location
• Improvements in turbine design
• Capital

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Wind Speed Matters
Assuming the same size project, the better the
wind resource, the lower the cost.
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Size Matters
Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large
wind farm is more economical
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Overall cost distribution
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Break down of capital cost
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Energy Cost Trend
1979 40 cents/kWh
2000 4 - 6 cents/kWh

• Increased Turbine Size
• RD Advances
• Manufacturing Improvements

2004 3 4.5 cents/kWh
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Typical cost statistics

• Size 51 MW
• Wind Speed 13-18 miles/hour
• Capital cost 65 million (1300/MW)
• Annual production 150 million kW-hr
• Electricity costs 3.6-4.5 cents
• Payback period 20 years

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Economic Advantages
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• Greater fuel diversity
• No delay in construction
• Low maintenance costs
• Reliable and durable equipment
• Additional income to land owners
• More jobs per unit energy produced
• No hidden costs

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Future
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Wind Capital Cost
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Cost of Wind Energy
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Germany now and 2020

• At present 10 of the countrys energy is
  supplied by wind energy
• By 2020 it is expected to go up to 26

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Australia now and 2040
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So..

• Price of wind power is coming down
• There is enormous capacity
• Energy storage, however, is still a problem

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Typical Concerns
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• Visual impact
• Off shore turbines
• Arrangement
• Avian concerns
• Suitable choice of site
• Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower
• Using radars

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• Noise
• Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed
• Streamlining of tower and nacelle
• Acoustic insulation of nacelle
• Specially designed gear box
• Use of upwind turbines
• Reducing angle of attack
• Low tip speed ratios

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• Changes in wind patterns
• Reducing turbulence
• Intermittent
• Coupling with hydro or solar energy
• TV, microwave, radar interference
• Switching from conducting material to
  non-conducting and composite material

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Conclusion
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• Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly
• Wind energy has very good potential and it is the
  fastest growing energy source
• The future looks bright for wind energy because
  technology is becoming more advanced and
  windmills are becoming more efficient

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THANK YOU
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Furling
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