AP U.S. Gov

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AP U.S. Govt Review

• CRRRRRUUUUNCH TIME!

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A. Review coverage

• I. Constitutional Underpinnings Fed 5-15
• II. Political Beliefs behavior 10-20
• III. Political Parties SIG Mass Media 10-20
• IV. Institutions 35-45
• V. Public Policy 5-15
• VI. Civil Rights Civil Liberties 5-15

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B. Exam Breakdown

• 60 MC questions ½ of total score 45 mins
• II. Essays 4 free response in 100 minutes
• Each essay is worth 1/8 of total score . . .
• Or a combined total of 50 of total.
• Essays can cover either separate components
  outlined previously or combine elements or
  factors discussed in part A. See adjoining sheet
  for possible themes or subject matter.

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Examination Tools

1. Text book
2. Note
3. Peers
4. Review materials
5. And the old guy. . .

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• I
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• B

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• M

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• If
• It
• Is
• To
• Be

• It
• Is
• Up
• To
• Me

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I. Constitutional Underpinnings

• What is the purpose of Politics?
• A conflicting state where one Selects leaders
• Leaders work w/in institutions
• To make. . .
• Answer Policy
• B. 1. System - Define democracy
• answer it selects formulates policy which
  represents responds to the public preferences.
  
• a. Theory encompasses 5 elements
• (1) equality in voting
• (2) effective participation
• (3) Enlightened understanding - plethora of
  ideas. . .
• (4) citizen control of the agenda.
• (5) inclusion of all who are willing to
  participate.

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• b. Majority rule w/ minority rights. An issue of
  power .
• What is a majority . . .
• Majority An acculumalation of minorities
• B. Who really Governs?
• (1) Pluralist theory
• competition among groups .
• (2) Elite Class Theory
• Class splits . . .Big Business rules!
• (3) Hyperpluralism
• Groups divide govt, making it ineffective. . .

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C. Political theorists represent theories

• Hume
• Human nature that man was evil. . .Govt by the
  many with negotiation and compromise promoting a
  union eventually establishing a republic.
• 2. Hobbes
• one needs an inherited monarchy to promote the
  legitimacy of govt. Absolutism rules. . .Self
  interest is natl interest.
• 3. Locke
• 1689 - social contract theory - Life, liberty
  and property - Consent of the govt by
  Parliament( few) who had a stake in society
  because it represented people of property. .
  .poor people dont lose much when life
  deteriorates.
• 4. Rousseau
• Rule by all - a complete democracy --

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• Rousseau Hume Locke Hobbes
• All Many Few One
• hyperplurlism plurlism Elite/class Absolute
• The above is a . . . .
• Political spectrum!
• D. When one governs, one seeks power --
• Define
• Ability to persuade someone else that it is in
  their (self)ish interest to follow you.

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Power Distribution

• 1. Power can be distributed three ways in a
  democracy
• (a) power elite - (Hobbes) - Representative
  Democracy
• (b) political elite- (Hobbes Locke) -
  Participatory democracy
• (c) majoritarian rule- (Locke or Hume) Direct
  Democracy
• (d) Mob rule - Rousseau
• 2. What does one do with power? ---
• Make Policy - Actions of Govt. . .

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Revolution the 1st Constitution

• Articles of Confederation
• A ). What could it do And worse. . .what
  couldnt it do. . .
• What showed its the AC true weaknesses
• Shays Rebellion
• The second Constitution
• a. Equality
• 1)Representation is established by what type of
  Govt?
• Anwer (REPUBLICAN)

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• New Jersey Plan offered what?
• ( represent)
• Virginia Plan which offered?
• (prop. representation )
• led to which agreement?
• Connecticut Compromise that offered
• US Senate ( 2 Senators per state) US House -
  (Reps per population of state)

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• 2) slavery - South wanted all males counted?
  Three-fifths compromise. - A show stopper
• b. Who can vote
• Property owners vs. disenfranchised.
• Who controlled elections?
• Answer. States set election laws. Why?
• c. Economics Who will control?
• Congress shall rule it will build the
  infrastructure (Post offices to taxation- Article
  I)

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d. Individual rights

• Constitution lacked in this area- show stopper
  although the Constitution did mention six issues
• 1) Writ of habeas corpus
• 2) bill of attainders
• 3) ex post facto laws
• 4) religious preferences to hold office
• 5) treasonous offenses
• 6) trial by jury
• But were we being ruled by men or by laws . .
  . to protect us from these men wanted the ???
• the Bill of Rights was added to protect us from
  govt. . .a recollection of all the ills that the
  colonists resided under British rule.

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• e. Popular sovereignty? What is it?
• Answergt ability to control ones destiny
• f. Checks Balances? What is it?
• Each branch oversees the other
• g. Separation of Powers . . .
• Who wrote the doctrine?
• Montesqueiu. . .What does it mean?
• Each branch has a certain function?
• h. What was the purpose of the B Of R?
• Answer Protect one from govt

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Ratification

• States voted- - -only needed ? states to ratify
• 9 (A of Confed needed ? approval to amend)
• unanimous
• a. Federalists v. Anti-feds -
• (1) issue -- the 2nd Constitution was a
  class-based
• document that benefited only the economic
  
• elite!
• (2) fundamental liberties! Were the Bill of
  Rights
• enough?
• (3) Federal . . .diminishes State .
• Result Who ratified the constitution?
• State special conventions would ratify, not
  state legislators

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9. Changing the Constitution-

• Amendment Process
• a. Formal process 2 steps?
• (1) proposal Vote
• 2/3 of each Congress or National convention
• (2) Ratification
• - 3/4 of state leg or spec convention
• (3) - 27 Amendments - taxation to congressional
  salaries
• b. informal process- 4 ways
• (1) Federal court decisions - Marbury v.
  Madison
• (2) Changing political practices - Dems v. Reps
• Liberals v. Conservatives
• (4) Domestic politics to foreign politics. Policy
  makers carry big sticks in implementing policy.

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Federalism

• Define a decentralization of govt. -- a
  sharing of the wealth govt power.
• DELEGATED powers belong to Feds rule - Make war
• INHERENT
• 1) all govt possess these pwrs. . .immigration
• (b) Expressed (Enumerated)
• 1) Stated specifically . . .Congress makes law
• (c) Implied
• 1) (Makes expressed powers work) Congress
  establishes a civil service system to hire
  federal workers.

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• b. Concurrent POWERS
• shared power.
• i.e. education, taxation, Safety
• c. reserved POWERS
• states rule - welfare, local education control,
  local govts, professional licensing.
• 2. Who shall rule in conflict Where in the
  Constitution
• Art VI- Supremacy Clause - and Implied powers
  of national govt upheld with . ..
• McCullogh v. Maryland. Established the which
  clause?
• elastic clause that gave the Congress the gtgtgt
• Necessary and Proper Clause (implied powers) to
  enact policies to run the country!

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• 3. If not stated- states have the rights - Which
  Amendment? 10th
• 4. Commerce power Court Case?
• Gibbons v. Ogden . Interstate international
  commerce . Congress rules!
• 5. Full Faith and Credit clause
• One states validity carries over state borders
  - i.e. marriage licences.

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6. From Dual to cooperative federalism -

• a. Education sets the stage for both the Feds
  states to work together in fiscal harmony
• b. Shared Costs of Fiscal federalism-
• c. Grant-In-Aid
• Feds sell land to fund programs!
• d. Categorical grants
• specific for specific projec w/ strings
  attached. . .non-discrimatory - Cross cutting
  requirements - Offenders lose it all!
• (1)Project grants
• competitive requests
• (2) Formula grant-
• Do you meet the formula. i.e. public housing,
  employment programs

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• e. Block grants
• social service endeavors w/ less strings
  attached. SIGS pursue the 350 billion
• f. Mandates
• Feds dictate specific guidelines. . .if dont
  comply, penalized or lose the funding. . .
• Special ed, Disability Act, Clean Air.
• Medicaid
• unfunded mandates. . .
• Laws w/o funding. . .

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Practice Essay

• 6. The United States Constitution has endured
  for more than two centuries as the framework of
  government. However, the meaning of the
  Constitution has been changed both by formal and
  informal methods.
• (a) Identify two formal methods for adding
  amendments to the Constitution.
• (b) Describe two informal methods that have been
  used to change the meaning of the Constitution.
  Provide one specific example for each informal
  method you described.
• (c) Explain why informal methods are used more
  often than the formal amendment process.

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Essay Rubrics 1

• Hse Sen Proposal w/ supermajority
• or special convention . . . State Leg confirm
• with 38 or spec convention.
• b. Need two 0f five informal methods
• c. Informal is easier and can happen daily,
  especially w/ court cases. Formal does provide
  more of a thorough legislative process. . .just
  not a judicial whim.

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Practice Essay 2

• The US has evolved from a system of dual
  federalism to a system of cooperative federalism.
  In the past two decades, some powers have
  devolved from the federal govt to the state
  govt.
• Identify and explain one factor that led to the
  natl govt having significantly more power than
  the states.
• Identify and explain one factor that led to
  cooperative federalism.
• Identify and explain one factor than led to
  devolution.

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Essay 2 Answer

1. Court rulings McCullogh v. Maryland (Elastic
   clause and NP Clause . States cant tax (2
   pts)
2. Grants in Aid encouraged state dev Medicare
   handouts but they all come with conditions of
   aid. (2 pts)
3. Debt load, more state right advocates. TANF
   program was once a categorical grant but now it
   is a block grant. 2 pts

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II. Political Culture

• How does one determine the socialization of the
  American constituent?
• 1. Six factors
• a. Tradition customs
• b. Impact of events
• c. Changes in the way of political elites
• d. families
• e. school
• f. relationships (as the paradigms shift)

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• 2. WHO establishes our political value
• system. . .Who sets the agenda?
• a. SIGS
• b. Political institutions
• c. Media The New Parent (hand out media
  handout)
• d. family
• e. Social Economic Stratification (SES) as one
  grows older.

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B. Americas Demographics Who are we?

• 1. Demographics . . . Deal with what?
• a. gender
• b. occupation
• c. Race
• d. religion
• e. SES - social class
• 2. How does one determine demographics?
• Census building - It will happen every 10 years.
  How does it impact us politically?
• a.Congressional apportionment / Electoral
  College
• b. Redistricting
• c. Block grant distribution
• 3) Minority/majority is influencing the great
  melting pot. by 2050 - Whites will be only 52 of
  society
• Who is the largest minority?
• Hispanics

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• 4. What Act requires employers to document the
  citizenship of employees or face fines?
• Simpson/Mazzoli
• 3. How has the shifting of America occurred?
• from Frost Belt to Sun Belt (SW, SE and Texas
  dramatic population increases(20 growth rates)
  while North has 5 growth) How has this impacted
  the American political scene?
• Answer Congress reapportionment Red Blue
  states . . .more

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• 4. GRAY POWER
• Baby boomers graying rapidly. How has this
  impacted the political landscape?
• Answer they wish to collect their 5 trillion
  in Social Security benefits! --
  Their SIGS possess clout - i,e, AARP,
  others.

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c. How does one gauge Americas pulse?

• POLLING-
• 1. Early 1950s George Gallup Polled a
  microcosm of American political thought . . .
  What scientific device?
• - a Sample --
• the more random the better. . .????
• everyone has a chance of being selected. . .
• b) Biased sample-
• stated preference
• c) representative sample .
• i.e. Democrats only
• 2. Samples are not perfect -- ???
• sampling error . . .
• 1-5 error rate per 1,-000- 2,000 responses. .
  .The bigger the sample. . . .the less the
  sampling error.
• 3. random-digit dialing speeds up the process!

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How do Polls assist politicians . . .

• detect public preferences. . .
• Are their shifts in thinking . . .creating
  possible shifts in policy making.
• It has become the issue of selling policy
  instead of possibly doing whats right!
• Avoiding compromises to appease radical shifts!.
  Politicians love them when they agree with them,
  they hate them when they disagree.
• 5. Bandwagon effects is . . .
• jump on board. . .instead of doing whats right!

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• 6. What is an Exit poll ?
• QA voters after they vote. Whats wrong w/
  them?
• - Can control elections, East votes earlier
  than west.
• 7. What is a push poll?
• Answer Opponent asks a negative Q late in
  campaign and the contender doesnt have time to
  respond.
• 8. Polls can show 3 items. . .
• a. relevancy, or salience of a topic
  intensity
• b. stability
• c. direction. . .positive or negative

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d. Liberals conservatives?

• Size of govt Liberals Conservatives
• Natl, fed big govt, centralized small. .
  .state. . .decentralized
• (b) Change
• progressive status quo
• (c) international diplomacy
• Coalitions Isolationists Security
• (d) View of man
• Can be cured Evil, needs order
• (e) Use of violence to maintain order
• Changing environment disciplinarians
• 2. True Liberals
• a) Blue dogs
• Conservative Democrats, Dixiecrats

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• Reagan era shift to the right. . .Clinton era
  shift to the left, then to the middle. . .Bush
  era Right . . . Politically. . .what is this
  called?
• Re-alignment of political ideology.

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D. Political participation The many forms--

• How 8 ways to participate.
• 1. Voting. Only 50 vote in natl elections.
  Voters see a lack of political efficacy?
• Answer not being able to politically effect
  society through the political process.
• They have no influence. . . (T-19)
• 2. Join SIGS
• 3. Give to SIGS thru PACS
• 4. Become a political elite
• 5. Contacting govt officials on a regular basis
• 6. Working on a campaign
• 7. civil disobedience
• 8. Violence
• Who participates more?
• higher SES participate more. . . and get more!

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E. Mass Media

• Fourth Estate (Mass Media) Power originates . .
  .
• 1st Amendment provides the incentive to report
  the News which is . . . .
• a timely occurence that informs the public.
• 2. What is a Media Event. . .
• Get your name or picture in print or on the
  tube! either through news events or paid
  advertising!
• Often Politicians make news to get on the
  news.
• 3. What is a Spin Master?
• Person hired specifically to promote the image
  of the candidate! i.e. Reagan era advice

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• 7. Competition in the medias has forced them to
  be much more aggressive and bend the
  journalistic rules of using reliable sources and
  the sound bite and great images! What is a
  Sound bite?
• Answer- Short clip of a dramatic statement
  from the politician.

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• 8. Narrowcasting v. Broadcasting. . .
• (focus on specific news or issues 24 hours a
  day) may fulfill political junkies or spin issues
  out of control.
• Or one can turn to the BLOGGERS . . .
• 9. Politicians can manipulate the press by
  sending up
• trial balloons to see how the public will react
  to certain issues. Then back off if the response
  is negative.
• both the political elites and the medias dance
  to get the upperhand. . .and both seek the
  advantage in dispensing their agenda. . .
• The Press wishes to inform the masses. . . vs.
  the politicians attempt to put it in a good
  light. . .
• 10. Undoubtedly, coverage impacts public
  opinion!

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11. 4 Mass media roles

• a. Signaler
• alert the public ASAP 24/7 news
• b. Agenda setting
• focus publics attn
• c. Common Carrier role
• Open channel from politician to constituent
• d. Watch dog role
• Protect the public from politicians.
• There is tension between what two roles?
• Common carrier and watch dog
• More of a tendency to report bad . . .than a bias
  tint.

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criticisms of the press

1. Not objective Biases are prevalent
2. Only a few own a lot the big 6
3. Sensational news more important than the real
   news.
4. Selling image instead of the issues

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E. Amassing public support

• Special Interest groups (SIGS)
• Purpose of
• influencing the govt at all levels, all
  branches. No govt stone shall be left unturned!
• Political parties goals are to
• make policy. . . SIGS goal is too
• Influence. . .

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Types of groups

• Biggest
• 1. Business or economic sector heavily
  funded.
• 2. Labor
• 3. Single issue
• 4. Public interest
• 5. Smallest
• You if you can find a friend.

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• How Influence? Six strategies or techniques. . .
• a. Provide data to Govt agencies. Policy
  specialists ( Pol parties are party generalists)
• b. draft legislation via the Iron Triangle
  (issue) network of
• SIGS
• Govt agencies
• Congressional subcommittees
• c. lawsuits (amicus curiae, Friend of the court)
• class action court cases.
• d. education
• e. Watchdogs of govt. . .
• f. Lobbyists- hired guns or political
  persuaders, whose job is to promote the SIGS
  interests via. . .pressure (garnering votes,
  , idealists. )

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4. SUCCESSFUL SIGS

• What determines success?
• a. size of the group . . .
• is it a potential group---
• a mixture (consumers) of many who could
  belong,
• vs.an actual group of hard core (NRA)
  followers.
• Potential groups (or large groups) suffer from?
  free-rider status. i.e. all minimum wage
  earners benefit from minimum wage increases. .
  .so why work toward it. . .

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• b. Intensity - Single issue groups - NRA, NOW,
  Gun Control, abortion
• c. - As of 1974, corporations and Unions can
  not directly fund political campaigns. . .BUT
  Political Action Committees (PACS) , the
  political arm of SIGS, can fund candidates
  campaigns
• w/ what type of money?
• Hard NOOOOT Soft! Or via. . .
• 527s

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• Buckley v. Valeo?
• extended to indirect financing (TV ads)
• (b). Soft Money - 1980 - Can earmark funds to a
  political party, unlimited contributions. . .
  400 million allocated in 2000 election to Dems
  Republicans.
• Today soft money is not regulated. Citizens
  United v. FEC

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• d. Going Public. . .reaching out to influence
  public opinion. . Ads sell! a great form of
  propaganda!
• Interest group participation is culmination of
  political participatory activities.

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III. Political parties elections

• A. . US Parties typically been two-party -
  offering American voters a choice. . .which is
  what democracy is all about!
• 1. Historically - Federalists v. anti-federalists
• evolved into Democrats v. Republicans although
• 3rd parties have popped up. What are the types
• a. ideological - Socialists, Independents
• b. Single issue - free soilers, Greenpeace
• c. Economic protests - greenback party
• d. splinter - Bull Moose . . .Which 3rd party
  was MOST successful. . .
• Bull Moose . . .How judge success?

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• 2. Republicans and Democrats have switched in
  ideological dominance since 1800, referred to as
  . . .
• Re-alignment.. . .
• Since 1968, era of one party runs the Exec
  Branch, the other controls Congress . . .which
  could create legislative gridlock. This is
  called
• Divided govt. . .
• 3. ALL parties promote same purpose 6 purposes
• a. pick Candidates via a nomination
• b. runs campaigns
• c. establish an image. . .
• d. articulate policies
• e. coordinate policymaking
• f. compete for votes

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• Downs Rational Choice theory states . .
• centrist policies usually win. . .dont drift
  too far from moderate proposals.
• 2) Many voters have moved to the middle of party
  identification gtgtgt this is called
• Moderation . . . .or moderites . . .
• Nope. . . How about
• a dealignment of party ID.

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B. Party machines -

• each ???? manages its own operation
• The states- decentralized and fragmented system.
• 1. What dominates - Its the good boy/girl club.
  Patronage - Party regulars become govt
  appointees.
• 2. Finding the right candidates takes parties
  through grass roots democracy all the way
  through campaigns until election day.
• It seems to last foooooooor evvvvverrrrr!
• How does one come across a potential party elite?
  
• Be a party regular! and hold a public office at
  some level - US Congressperson or state Guv

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• b. Goal of a President candidate running for the
  candidacy?
• Amass enough delegates at the natl convention to
  win the NOMINATION! All 50 states run their own
  shows! How amass delegates?
• (1). caucus (12 states use this road) . . . What
  is it?
• finds delegates for the next level. . . The town
  mtg.
• First caucus?
• IOWA and also begins platform development.
• (2).Primaries
• Electoral event that weeds out the candidates,
  not parties. . .you can win w/o party
  endorsement.. .but it is difficult
• 1968 McGovern-Fraser commission set rules for
  Dems
• - More Minority representation at DEM convention.
  But
• The super delegates . . . .
• Top Natl officials get delegate spots

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• closed primary
• (1) only party faithful can vote
• (b) Open primary
• You select which camp to vote in
• (c) Blanket
• all parties run on one ballot. - -
• Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional,
  violated basic function of political party - to
  choose candidates - Democratic party v. Jones.
• (d) GOAL- you win the primary, so . . .
• you get the number of delegates the state law
  allocates. Some are proportional, some winner
  take all. . .
• (e) Goal during campaign
• gtgtgtgt get the BIG MOo o o o! which gives you???
  4Ms. .
• (1) Momentum
• (2) After all the primaries - tally up your
  delegates and a majority gets you the . . .
• nomination at the convention.

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Majority vs. Plurality

• Majority needs ____ of the vote.
• Answer 50. . . .an example where one needs it
• AN electoral college . . .passing legislation
• A plurality needs _____ of the vote
• One more than all the others. Example
• Winning elections. . .
• Winner take all means . . .
• Win it and you get all the bennies
• Proportional . . .
• Divide up the pie based on the vote . .
  .Example
• Some states use proportional to determine
  delegates in Primaries

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• (3) . . . Campaign donations flood in.
  . .
• (4) Media attention. . .Press wants to promote
  a(n) . . . .
• Horse race for the nomination.

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C. Natl convention

• 1. Natl convention what happens here?
• select presidential VP candidates,
• sets platform, endorses all party nominees for
  other offices! Ho Hum (T-30)
• 2. National committee
• 3. national chairperson
• 4. Goal after nomination
• form enough coalitions ( of SIGS) to win the
  election.
• 5. Campaign highway. Goal
• (a) dominate the media
• (b) vanquish your opponent

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c. Spends lots of

• money is the mothers milk of politics
• What was established in 1974 following H20GATE
  scandal to control flow of money to parties?
• FEC . . .what does it do?
• gives public financing to candidates.
• limits presidential candidates expenditures to
  80 million per candidate
• requires disclosure of all expenses.
• limits an individuals candidates
  contributions to 2,300.
• PACs can spend unlimited amounts. . .ct
  case?
• (Buckley v. Valeo) indirectly until 2002.
  This was called?
• soft money. Now Citizens United v. FEC
• -Voluntary contributions
• 6. Today- many constituents are pulling away from
  party IDs -- dealignment- - and this is leading
  to

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Recent 3rd Party Players?

• 1. Ralph Nader . . .stole some of Al Gores left
  wing thunder in 2000 election. . .It was that
  close! and . . .
• 2. Ross Perot took away George Bush Srs thunder
  in 1992 when Bill Clinton won.
• In the 04/08 elections, were 3rd parties an
  issue?
• c. Third parties have an uphill fight. . .
• (1) Single member plurality voting system
  (winner take all) system favors two parties. . .
• (2) Two Big Parties have organization. . .
• (3) Two Big parties can moderate views to enhance
  voters.

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E. Elections

• Legitimizing the political process
• 1. Elections provide for
• a. Institutionalizing the political process. All
  forms of political participation can end here ..,
• Voting -
• b. Access to political power w/o violence. .
  Ballot instead of bullets.
• c. guiding policy direction - either by selecting
  a new person or by initiatives or referendums?
• Special election to vote on voter initiatives.
• 2. 2000 Election was one of a kind. . . Becuause
  . .

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• a. US Supreme Ct ruled in Bush v. Gore that
  although a recount was legal, the same
  procedure had to be used in ALL counties, not
  only those in question. . .
• AND there was not enough time to accomplish that
  mission B4 December 12, when the electoral
  college was to meet. . .soooooo Bush won Florida
  and w/ 271 electoral votes to Gores 269. . . So
  why the controversy???
• b. only the 4th time the winner of the popular
  vote lost an election.

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Getting Citizens to vote

• Sufferage an issue in three constitutional
  amendments
• 15th, 19th, 26th. YOUR 18.
• you can vote. . .but too many dont. 51 in
  2000 election. . High 50s in 04.
• Only 30 in off year voting. Many more appeared
  in 04. MN leads in voter turnout.
• 2. Who does vote Six characteristics
• a. Old b. high SES c. Educated d. Gender
  
• e. Married f. union membership

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Who doesnt or cant vote? WHY?

1. Not old enough
2. Aliens
3. Felons
4. Too busy
5. Lack political efficacy
6. Not registered.

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Election Essay

• 4. Since the 1960s, the process of selecting
  presidential candidates has been altered by the
  changing role of presidential primaries and
  national party conventions. Identify and explain
  four effects that have resulted from this change
  in the presidential selection process.

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Election Rubric

• Effects
• Longer campaignsgtgt Increased costs gtgtEarly fund
  raisinggtgtMedia coverage gtgt
• Front loading gtgtTicket balancing gtgt
• New breed of spin masters gtgtFull time job to
  rungtgt party leadership role declinesgtgt
• Regional party blocsgtgtPrimaries, caucuses are
  REALLY Importantgtgtconventions are notgtgt truly
  republicangtgt Swing states!!

68

• 3. (a) Identify a third-party candidate within
  the last two decades who received significant
  popular votes but no electoral votes and provide
  an explanation for that discrepancy.
• (b) Identify a third-party candidate who received
  significant popular votes as well as significant
  electoral votes, and provide an explanation for
  that outcome.
• (c) In seeking to win presidential electons,
  third parties face challenges not faced by major
  parties. Identify two of these challenges and
  explain why third parties face these challenges.

69
IV. Congress Budget

• The Independent Politician
• Why are congressperson so independent? 4
  reasons. . .
• Congresspersons (represent themselves and/or
  constituents. . .not political parties
• They do NOT have to support the govt in power.
  . .they are separate, but equal partners in the
  political system.
• 3. A vote against the Govt, does not bring about
  a collapse of govt, i.e. GB, Italy, France,
  Germany. US Govt continues day to day operations
  even w/ gridlock. . .
• 4. Pol parties do NOT control nominations for
  office, so they cannot control . . .
• how a legislator votes on legislation.

70

• B. Congressional powers
• Powers initiate, modify, approve or reject
  legislation in a variety of political arenas,
• they share supervision of administrative
  agencies . . .
• 3. build consensus among legislators
  constituents.
• 4. educate
• 5. oversees bureaucracies
• 4) investigates
• 5) House-initiates bills
• 6. Senate-confirms, ratifies executive decisions
• a) Art.1 sect 8, clauses 1-17 expressed powers
  clause 18- implied powers (raise troops). This is
  calledgtgtgt
• Necessary proper clause the court case is gtgtgt
• b) McCullogh v. Maryland

71

• c) Gibbons v. Ogden gave us gtgtgt
• Commerce Clause
• states cant interfere w/ Congr attempt to
  regulate interstate commerce!
• This led to what legislation in the 1960s?
• civil rights legislation

72
C. Constitutional Requirements

• House Senate
• Age
• 25 30
• Citizen
• 7 9
• Residency Yes Yes
• (district) State
• Native Born
• No No
• Members
• 435 100
• Occupation Business Law
• Law Business
• Women 108 78? 14?

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• Since both houses possess decentralized power
  bases, Congress persons engage in Substantive
  representation gtgtgt which is
• representing interests of groups.
• 2. Congressional goal-
• Get elected-- Stay elected!
• Incumbency -- What is it?
• 1) Im in, now get me out. As party partisanship
  declines. . .legislators bear more of the burden
  to getting re-elected.
• 3. Safe districts prevail-?
• 90 of reps in the 1980s got re-elected by 60
  of the vote. 50 for senators. Marginal districts
  claim only 55 or less of the votes. In 2004
  election, 90 of incumbents got re-elected.

74
d) What makes an incumbent so invincible?

• 1) visibility -- contacting the constituents. .
  .somehow i.e. travel home, franking, getting on
  the news
• 2) credit claiming- Casework (helping out
  constituents to the vast porkbarrel (getting a
  chunk of that 1.9 trillion and bringing it home
  to mama. Why did Brainerd get a by-pass?
• 3) position taking - meeting roll call votes.
• 4) weak opponents - who lack the cash flow.
  opponents miss out on 1 2 above

75
e. How are incumbents vulnerable?

• (1) Scandals
• (2) re-apportionment
• (3) gerrymandering - drawing districts to favor
  one party over another. State issue.
• (4) Majority-Minority districts gives minorities
  advantage in electing minorities.
• What court case made majority/minority
  unconstitutional .
• Shaw v. Reno however, Supreme Ct claimed
  re-districting in North Carolina was
  unconstitutional

76
Making policy

• A collection of generalists making policy on
  specific topics.
• If one needs to know how to vote on a bill. .
  .who do you ask ?
• a committee person for advice
• 1. House - Protecting the Masses .
• a)Who is the traffic cop on legislation?
• House Rules Committee controls the flow of
  bills - establishes a rule for each bill which
  schedules it.
• b) Leadership Who is the top person?
• Speaker - only office mandated by the
  Constitution Who selects?
• Party caucus selected 4 powers?
• ((a)) Presides over the House Prez succession
  3rd
• ((b)) Committee assignments influence
• ((c)) appoints Rules Committee members
• ((d)) Influences bill assignments to Committee

77
Senate

• a. leadership
• 1) Vice President - President of the Senate
• Significant power?
• but he can break a tie vote. . .and it happens
• 2) Majority Leader - selected by Whom?
• Congressional Party caucus. - 3)Minority Leader
• 4) PARTY whips-

78
Committees what types?

• legislation and Oversight
• a. Standing Committees
• separate subject matter committees
• b Joint Committees
• Hse senate share membership i.e. taxation
• c. Conference committees
• Two bills need one explanation- Both houses
  compromise here.
• d. select committees
• for specific reason

79

• f. committees also perform gtgtgt
• oversight if and when a bill ever becomes law.
• g. Committee chairpersons How selected? Party
  caucus. Seniority prevails but majority
  caucuses now can choose chairpersons. What do
  they do?
• Manage legislation thru bill making process.
• h. Caucuses v. party leadership-
• legislators ban together under ideological
  flag Black caucus, pro-life, pro-choice, gun
  control

80
Law Question

• Legislation must go through an arduous process
  before a bill becomes a law.
• Describe 3 stages where a bill may be eliminated
  in the legislative law-making process.
• Of the 3 described in (a), explain which one
  contributes to the most bills being eliminated.
• Explain two factors indicating how partisanship
  is involved in the success or failure of
  developing legislation.

81
Law answer

• a) There are 15 ways. Must be truly distinct. .
  .no double dipping.
• b) Answers my vary, but for example, 90 of
  legislation is terminated in the committee
  process.
• c. Divided govt within the legislature.
• 1) Filibusters
• 2) Party line voting is high on roll call votes.
• 3) Party line voting in committee

82
Bill gtgtgtgt LAW

• Who can introduce a Bill
• You, legislator, president, bureaucracy. .
• 2. Speaker or Sen Majority leader does what?
• titles it numbers it.
• 3. Off to Committee action -
• Subcommittee gtgtgtgt
• schedule hearings, Revise it, approve it, kill it
• b. Committee gtgtgtgt
• schedules hearings, Revise it, approve it, kill
  it

83

• c. House - Rules committee
• Schedules Hse rules for floor action
• 1) closed rule
• limits debate, amendments
• 2) open rule
• amendments allowed
• 3) restrictive rule
• selective amendments
• 4) A discharge petition???
• can avoid Rules. Speaker can initiate
• 5) Suspend the Rules . . .
• To floor for vote.
• d. Senate Who schedules debate?
• House Majority leader. .
• OOPS Senate Majority leader.
• Amendments are open for any cause.

84
3. Floor action

• a. Committee of the Whole Where found?
• Hse - (100 or more members) can debate bills. No
  riders can be added. . .
• b. Quorum call
• 218 House members needed to vote. . .majority
  passes legislation
• c. Senate can add What to legislation?
• riders
• 4. If Senate and/or House disagree, Bill goes to
• Select committee . . .
• Oops conference committee
• 5. Full House Full Senate vote on conference
  committee version --
• 6. To President for signature or his veto

85
Passing Legislation?

• 1. Appeasing the Chief Legislator
• 2. Party influence - 50 of the time legislators
  will vote party line. . . Hse partisanship is
  stronger than the Senate.
• 3. Who do legislators attempt to please?
• Constituency support - legislators are seen as
  trustees and instructed delegates politicos,
• 4. Who else do Reps appease?
• SIGS lobbyists - Been restricted by Congress
  in reporting who they represent and how much they
  spend. . ..

86
GEE. The Federal Tree. . .

• The annual assessment of govt expenditures
  assets
• Budget
• Govt collects via and spends it via
  expenditures. If tax allocations are higher. .
  .its a(n)
• entitlement . . .
• OOPS Surplus
• b. if expenses are higher. . .its a . . .
• debt gtgtgt Add them up its
• national deficit
• OOPS deficit. . .big one is a debt,
• c. a 11.2 trillion dollar shortfall. . .of
  which 10 of the current budget pays JUST the
  INTEREST.

87

• 2. Federal income
• (1) 1 source
• Income tax which Amendment
• 16th power to tax people via the IRS - 50
• (2) Corporate tax- 10
• (3) Social Insurance - FICA - 33
• (4) Borrowing - Debt load - shifts burden to
  future tax payers. Provokes thoughts of a
  balanced budget amendment w/ certain
  provisions.
• (5) Lost Federal income-?
• Fed tax loopholes the Grand DEDUCTION -- Tax
  BREAKS! TAX
• Expenditures

88

• 3. Federal expenditures top 3
• (1) Education
• OOPS - Social Service state- (income security
  costs for the elderly, the poor, and the needy-
  Social Security Act 1935, Medicare 1965, 1/3 of
  federal budget.
• (2) National Defense
• (3) Interest on the Debt
• The budget process is based on what idea? How
  much should I get next year. . .
• incrementalism
• Discretionary expenditures
• Increase last years budget by an increment to
  satisfy this years budget. Your budget proposal
  goes to whom? OMB
• (2) Uncontrollable expenditures - 2/3 of the
  budget
• entitlements - You qualify, you get them, no
  matter what the cost to the govt, even if all
  the funds are depleted. . .

89
Where does the budget process Begin

• 1. Federal agencies submit their requests to
• OMB. . . Who consolidate requests and
  then gives them to the president who then
• 2. Puts together the budget and delivers it via
  State Of The Union .
• 3. Congress then holds hearings w/ the standing
  committees and finally approves the . . .
• 4. 13 Appropriations bills. President signs it!

90
Budget Reform

• Instead of just thinking we will only spend so
  much, Congress has established reforms to improve
  the process --1974 Act
• (a) Fixed budget calendar
• (b) budget committee
• (c) CBO
• (d) 1974 Reforms - budget resolution established
  in April sets the bottom line
• (1) budget reconciliation- change appropriations
  to reflect proposed savings
• (2) authorization bill ????
• sets program spending limits.
• (3) Appropriations bill ????? Show me the
• funds programs based on an authorization bill.
  Cant go higher, but can give lower amounts.

91
Social Policy

• What are the two types of social welfare?
• Student scholarships and grants
• OOPS
• 1) Social Insurance. . .
• a. Transfer payments
• Benefits given by the govt to individuals
• b. Cash pay outs i.e. Social security
  payments Entitlements- also referred to as
  social insurance programs- you pay, you play!
  Also Unemployment Insurance
• 2) In-kind transfers food stamps, low interest
  college loans.

92

• 2. Public assistance program
• Funded by tax revenues and available only to the
  needy through a means test?
• One must prove they need welfare.
• TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
  (formerly AFDC) that was put in place by the 1996
  Welfare to Work Act
• 1)) Five year welfare status.
• 2))Must find work w/in two years
• 3)) unmarried teen mothers must stay in school
  and live w/ parent or guardian
• 4)) Mothers must ID deliquent fathers

93

• a. Which program does the public view more
  favorably Means tested or social insurance
  programs? Why?
• Answer Social insurance programs are entitled
  because you pay into it.
• Means tested are often viewed as throwing at
  a problem, not necessarily fixing the problem.

94
Education works . . .BUT . . .

• Enforcement is difficult w/ the caseload and the
  thought of reducing govt costs.
• Education . . .
• the Horatio Alger approach of bettering oneself
  through school is a popular. . .and expensive
  notion.
• Fact the quality of education depends
  significantly on the wealth of the community in
  which a child resides.

95

• . Largest state budget allocation is education. .
  .but
• Parents want results
• School choice. . .let schools compete
• Voucher system
• Court ruled states can give parents vouchers for
  private access to schools gtgtgt
• Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (02)
• 3) Purpose of NCLB . . .
• Integrate public schools via busing
• Nope that was Mecklenburg . . .
• Set Natl standards for math reading
• 4) Race To The Top
• President Obamas Education Initiative

96
Congress Essay

• 2. Political scientists often note that Congress
  is too responsive to constituents, and,
  especially to organized interests. . . while
  others argue that Congress is too insulated from
  ordinary citizens.
• a. Identify an organized interest and explain
  what characteristics the interest may possess so
  Congress would address its needs.
• b. Describe how Congress can insulate itself
  from its constituents and provide an example to
  support your claim.
• c. Explain how Congress can overcome organized
  interests and better meet the needs of its
  constituents

97
Congress 1 Essay Rubrics

• Size, Educate, , Lobby (amicus curaie)
• Prioritize agenda, Senate terms, Casework, Hire
  spinmasters????, Set limits on lobbyists, Log
  rolling
• Polling. Use bennies of incumbency. Safe
  districts. Raise to fight SIGS
• c. Earmarks and porkbarreling. . .log rolling.
• Target negative spin.

98
Practice Essay 2

• The framers of the United States Constitution
  created a legislative system that is bicameral.
  However, it is not just bicameral the framers
  also established two houses distinctly different
  in character and authority. (06)
• A. Explain two reasons why the framers created a
  bicameral legislature.
• B Identify one power unique to the House of
  Representatives and explain why the framers gave
  the House the power.
• C. Identify one power unique to the Senate and
  explain why the framers gave the Senate that
  power.

99
V. President Fed Bur

• Which Article sets the stage for Executive Power
  to be Vested in a president. .
• II.
• So What does Art VI do?
• Supremacy Clause
• II.
• 1. Constitutional Requirements
• (a) 35 or older
• (b) natural born
• (c) 14 years of residency
• (d) term limits ? Which amendment?
• 22. amendment-2 terms plus2)
• (e) disability of president turns to . . .
• to 25th amendment succession process. A new
  non-elected VP needs approval from both houses.
• (f) popularly elected, sometimes (accidential
  presidents)
• Not elected by the populace . . .

100
Formal Powers

• Domestic
• Power of the purse. . .
• NOPE
• 1) Chief legislator-State of the Union, advises,
• approves or vetos legislation
• 2) Chief executive . . .
• 3) Administrative powers - enforce the laws,
  select govt officials (w/Senate approval) run
  the bureaucracy via Executive Orders. Take
  Care clause of Article II.
• 4) Judicial powers - reprieves, pardons, commute
  federal felons nominate federal judges w/ Senate
  majority confirmation.

101
Formal Foreign policy powers

• 1) National Security
• a) commander in chief
• b) Head of State (receives ambassadors and other
  heads of state)

102
Informal powers

• a. presidential precedent (Washington turning to
  a cabinet for advice)
• b. Actions of Congress
• giving president power i.e. 1965 Gulf of Tonkin
  Resolution v. War Powers Act.
• c. Medias use of the Bully Pulpit. Prez goes
  directly to the people. i.e. Clinton in 97
  budget freeze. . .Congress lost that battle.
• d. Executive Orders . . . Can be formal or
  informal

103
Executive Branch

• 1. VP is a heart beat away. . . His/her
  qualifications?
• a. Same constitutional requirements as
  president.
• b. Political professional, eases one into the
  congressional gridlock.
• c. faithful follower which might deter his own
  presidential ambitions. i.e., Bush Gore.
• d. Which amendment changed how VP was selected?
• 12th
• 2. Cabinet positions -- How many
• -14 secretaries and the AG
• All must be confirmed by the
• . . . Senate.
• a. Responsibilities- execute presidential and
  congressional
• b. Requirements- President supporters, usually
  partisan selections,

104
EOB

• What is its function?
• More advisors for domestic and foreign policy. In
  theory partisan, in reality, civil servants who
  stay as presidents move on.
• Office heads appointed confirmed by Senate
• a. NSC - crisis mgment- liaison to military,
  CIA
• b. CEA - economic trend management
• c. OMB- presidential budget oversight watches
  Congress and the Bureaucracy

105
WHO(s)

• Partisan followers whose sole function is to
  support the president.
• If not, find another job. West Wing residents
  whose purpose is to oversee the political and
  policy interests of the president-
• no Senate confirm here!

106
The other beaurocrats

• filled by federal employees (85) unless truly
  specialists in a given field (lawyers or
  businesspersons).
• a. Party ID not that relevant because . . .
• b. Appease caucus groups Hispanics, women,
  blacks, elderly, far right constituents. Here
  are your participants in the issue network.

107
President Quality . . .

• How get others to follow -
• 1. Act of Persuasion - Constitution is vague on
  what the PRESident can do. . .so great leaders
  get creative --
• a. Powers enhanced by
• 1) national constituency -
• 2) ceremonial head of state - and party, at least
  in first term. This can erode quickly if ones
  party deserts you and others compete in the
  primaries against you! Its tough to beat an
  incumbent!

108
Who does the President have to appease?

• a. DC political pundits - can one do the job? Can
  one possess power- (charismatic leadership)
• One gets 100 days to show your stuff! Make it
  count because the honeymoon is over.
• b. partisan grassroots- Chief of Party- Be a good
  Republican.
• c. Joe Public- Use the polls to your advantage.
  TV spots are what you make them. When you are
  hot, your legislation flows, your fellow party
  people get re-elected. (coat-tail effect)

109
Chief legislator

• in name only. . . the power is shared with
  Congress
• a. Advises- 4 ways
• (1) shapes policy (2) consults Congress (3)
  bargains
• (4) appeals to partisans (friends to the party)
• b. Disapprovals
• Veto - It takes ____ of Hse Sen to override.
  
• 2/3 of congress to override
• ___ day limit or its law. Overrides seldom
  happen
• Pocket veto
• Congress adjourns After 10 days it fails
  
• b) line-item veto- State guvs can eliminate
  portions of a bill . . . 96 Congress approved
  and President agreed for an enhanced rescission
  of legislation. President had 5 days to
  line-out legislation. BUT Supreme Ct ruled it
  unconstitutional (Clinton v. City of NY)

110
Party and the Presidential Agenda . .

• 1.) party support - 2/3 of the time party
  discipline prevails. But lack of consensus on
  policies and diversity of constituents hurts.
• Congresspersons follow constituents first. . .
• 2). Off year elections are not popular for Prezs
• except for Clinton in 98 GW in 02. In 06
  history prevailed.
• 3). Public approval gives leverage, not
  commanding influence. Going Public
• 4). Does one pursue a number of issues (Clinton)
  or just three or four (Reagan)

111
Foreign Policy

• Some created by ones agenda. . .some inherited
  by past presidents.
• Some domestic, some foreign. Factors that
  influence decision making
• 1. Chief Diplomat
• a) extend terminate diplomatic recognition
• b) Negotiate treaties w/ . . .
• 2/3rd Senate confirm.
• c) executive agreements-
• d) initiate nuclear war, the Presidents call.

112

• 2. Commander in Chief- Cold WAR V. HOT WAR
• Global military reach- Going to war w/o
  declaring war - police actions - KoreaVietnam,
  Panama, Grenada, Iraq
• Foreign policy history
• a) Isolationism Monroe Doctrine established
  the homefront The Americas
• b) WWI we went Over there Prez Wilson wanted
  involvement in a League of Nations.
• Senate said no.

113

• c)) WWII Cold War Defeated Japan Germany
  and a power vacuum occurred that the Ruskies
  wished to fill.
• 1)) Containment policy vs. USSRs Communist
  Expansion. . .Greece, Korea, Vietnam, Western
  Europe. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact.
• Also McCarthyism raging at home to thwart
  commie infiltration.
• d)) Era of Détente Lessoning of tensions. .
  .de- nuke in the 70s after the 60s madness.
• e)) Ray Guns Star wars initiativebroke the
  Soviets. Or was it the Afganistan invasion of 81

114

• f) USSR crumbles. . .China views a mixed economy.
  Eastern Europe throws off the yoke of Communism.
  USSR is liberated. The wall falls 1989
• g) Terrorism is the next target. . .
• 1) Kuwait the multi-lateral coalition vs. IRAQ
• 2) Unilateral theory of Bush 43 to finish off
• Iraq pursue the Axis of Evil. Any one who
  harbors or protects terrorists are against us.
  
• 3) What is the difference between multilateral
  and unilateral?

115
3 Instruments of Foreign policy

• 1. Economic sanctions, embargos, trade. .
  .Globalization prevails . . .
• 2. Military conventional unconventional- MAD
  scenarios
• 3. Coalition building
• a. UN, CENTO, SEATO, OAS, EU
• b. Multi-national Corporations
• 4. The Players
• a. President his major players Defense,
  State, NSC
• b. Congress

116

• 1) President can dispatch troops for 60 days w/o
  Congressional approval. . .then
• 2) War Powers resolution - Congress must allocate
  funds or troops are coming home. Gulf War
  Congress issued a resolution in support . . .
  same in war on terrorism.

117

• 1. Domestically
• (a) President can VETO legislation
• (b) Congress can also prevent Presidential
  actions
• LEGISLATIVE VETO President cant put actions
  into place until a 30-90 day waiting period. .
  .Congress submits a resolution to deny the
  Presidential action. . .
• (1) SC (Chadha case ) ruled it
  unconstitutional,
• Congress passes laws, Prez signs them into
  LAW. . .
• (2) But Congress still uses the LEG VETO as a
  threat to control the bureaucracy!

118

• (c) Congress can pull back funding if Prez
  doesnt spend the allocation. . . . What is that
  called?
• Impoundment of funds. . (1) Budget Reform ACT of
  1974. . .Does the Prez have to spend all he gets.
  . .He cant spend what he doesnt get!!!
• 2. Foreign Policy
• (a) War Powers Act 1973 MUST notify Congress. .
  .but does he need their approval????

119
Impeachment

• Reason
• House may charge the president, by majority
  vote, for Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes
  and Misdemeanors. Submit Articles of Impeachment
  to the
• 2. Senate,
• which holds the trial with the Chief Justice and
  presiding judge. 2/3 of Senate votes to convict.
  . .Thats a supermajority vote.
• 3. Two Presidents have been impeached,
• NONE
• convicted. Johnson, Clinton. . . Nixon
  resigned B4 trial.

120
Federal Burocracy

• Federal Civil Service -- powerless patronage-
  its what you can do (merit principle) instead of
  who you know( the spoils system)
• In 1883 this established federal civil service
• Pendelton Civil Service Act-
• b. What prohibits civil servants from becoming
  political activists while working?
• Hatch Act- Prohibits Political Activism
• c. Who hires and fires. Office of Personnel
  Management (OPM)(1) -

121
Bureaucracy organization

• Burocracies follow what model. . .
• Weberian Model What makes it so unique?
• 1) Hierarchy
• 2) task specialization
• 3) merit base not patronage. An assassins
  bullet changed the system.
• 4) Impartiality
• 5) A culture This is how it is done here
  type of attitude.
• b. Acquisitive/Monopolistic
• 1) Maximize ones budget-
• 2) Only show on the block - monopoly
• 3) fear of privatization
• c. Garbage can - Buy something and then find a
  use for it.
• Solutions are in search of problems.
• d. American bureaucracies share each of the above
  theories in administering to the needs of the
  American people.

122
Federal Hierarchy

• a. Cabinet Departments- 15 of those - although
  some have been in jeopardy - i.e. What does the
  Commerce department do? Interior
• b. Regulatory Agencies
• affect economy by making and enforcing rules
  designed to protect the public interest. Munn v.
  Illinois (1877) ICC followed in 1887 to regulate
  RRs
• Small commission oversees agency. Appointed by
  president, confirmed by Senate for fixed terms -
  Oust via Just Cause!
• SIGS attempt to impact Regulatory agencies!

123

• 1) FRB (Federal reserve Board - Regulates
  supply gt interest rates.
• 2) NLRB (Natl Labor Relations Board)
• 3) FCC - licensing and managing the HUGE TV,
  telephone, internet with some success.
• 4) FTC - monopoly watch - ad accuracy
• 5) SEC - police stock market.

124
Govt Corporations

• like prvt corps. Provide services and charge for
  them
• 1) TVA
• 2) US Post Office - the largest corp.
• 3) Amtrack
• d. Independent Executive Agencies - all the rest.
  Chiefs appointed by the president
• 1) GSA General Service Administration
• 2) NSF - Natl Science Foundation
• 3) NASA -

125
Policy implementation

• Congressional laws Presidential orders, Judicial
  decisions and make them into policy .
• a) Assign (new or old) agency the task.
• b) Set up operational rules and develop
  guidelines
• c) Coordinate resources and personnel.
• d) BUT . . . . . best laid plans go astray