HSB4U

1
HSB4U

• Chapter 2
• Intro to Social Change

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First Homework

• Read pages 36-40.
• Take notes on Anthropological Questions about
  Social Change
• Pages 41-42.

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You and Cultural Change

• Interview the NEW person next to you. Name one or
  two things they have experienced that came from
  elsewhere.
• Was it something they brought back with them that
  contributed to cultural change?
• Did it contribute to cultural change through
  invention, discovery, and/or diffusion?

4
Ask an older friend or relative

• What was the most important social change that
  took place during their lifetime?
• Connect the answers to Sources of Cultural Change
• Invention
• Discovery
• Diffusion

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Anthropological Questions About Social Change

• What are the major differences between developed
  and developing countries?

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Invention, Discovery, Diffusion

• How did this aspect of culture come to us here in
  Canada?
• A Invention, B Discovery, C Diffusion
• System of writing
• Popularity of Thai or Vietnamese food
• Latest IPhone

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Four Parts of Culture
Physical environment How the physical place we live influences our culture e.g., winter clothes in Canada
Level of technology How much there is e.g, infrastructure may be less developed in a lower income country
Social organization Kinship, division of labour
System of symbols Peace sign Signs, shirts, jewelry, bumper stickers
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Homework

• Take notes on pages 43-45.
• Take notes on pages 45-47.

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Psychological Questions About Social Change

• In psychology, social change refers to the
  transformation of a persons attitudes, beliefs,
  and behaviours and the effect of these
  transformations on the whole group or society (De
  Coeur et al., 2012, p. 14). see note below

In APA format, an embedded citation such as the
author-date one above cannot stand alone. At the
end of the report or essay, there has to be a
Reference list in which the full citation of each
source is given in alphabetical order. See last
slide of this PPT.
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Marijuana Study

• http//www.cbc.ca/news/health/marijuana-use-by-tee
  ns-linked-with-problems-in-young-adulthood-1.27610
  59

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Psychological Questions About Social Change
Cognitive Dissonance

• Designated driver drinks only one drink.
• Procrastinators tell themselves theyll do it in
  an hour or tomorrow.
• Inactive people tell themselves theyre healthy
  enough and can start working out tomorrow.
• Skippers tell themselves that were not doing
  anything in class.
• Lazy students tell themselves theyll start
  putting in the effort in grade 12.

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Festinger and Carlsmith (p.44)

• How does the conclusion of their experiment
  relate to cognitive dissonance?
• Make sure your answer includes these words
• Cognitive dissonance
• Attitude
• Behaviour
• Reward
• Incentive
• Note when attitude or behaviour changes this is
  evidence of social change for psychologists

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Sociological Questions About Social Change
Direction of change __ A from exogenous or endogenous
Rate of change __ B how much regulation it will require to implement
Sources of change __ C positive or negative, for whom
Controllability of change __ D slow, fast, continuous
Four Aspects of Social Change
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Environmental Scenarios

• In order to cut down on traffic and pollution in
  a city, the following solutions have been
  developed. Imagine you are a sociologist hired by
  the city government. Your job is to analyze the
  likelihood of acceptance/success based on the
  four aspects of social change.

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1. The city government will significantly reduce the
   property taxes for each household in which no
   occupants own a car.
2. The city government will establish a tax for
   driving in the city at certain times of day
   (congestion charge). https//www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/
   driving/congestion-charge
3. The city government will give access to the
   carpool lane with only one driver for hybrid or
   electric cars. http//www.go511.com/traffic/carpoo
   l_lanes.aspx
4. The city government will provide low-cost
   bicycles in areas throughout the city.
   http//www.bikesharetoronto.com/
5. The city government will designate days when
   people can and cannot drive based on their
   license plate number. http//www.ontheroadin.com/M
   exico20Trip20Planning20and20Info202011/Mexico
   20No20Drive20Restrictions.htm

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Homework

• Take notes on pages 50 and 52.
• Give an example of a longitudinal study from page
  51.

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Anthropological Theories of Social Change

• Cultural interaction as a source of social change
• Interaction contact with other cultures
• Adaptation making changes according to the
  environment
• Unfortunately, contact between cultures is NOT
  always positive.
• Examples?

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San Case Study
Aspects of San culture before borders/fences Adaptation after borders/fences
Communal property H-G Traditional lifestyle language, religion, jobs, food, skills Already adapted by trading, working on cattle farms Moved to South Africa Worked in gold mines Property ownership Permanent settlement Living under apartheid laws
On YouTube, see The Journey of Man.
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vc246fZ-7z1wlistP
LAM1HrbaIGHXNTmjhJT41h3TxSGu4vyZ6
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San

• Is this case study an example of diffusion?
• Listen to the reading from The Wayfinders.
• What stance/viewpoint does an anthropologist take
  when studying a different culture?

CBC Radio Ideas with Paul Kennedy. (2009, Nov.
2). 2009 CBC Massey lectures the wayfinders.
Why ancient wisdom matters in the modern world.
Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012 from
http//www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/massey-lectures/2
009/11/02/massey-lectures-2009-the- wayfinders-why
-ancient-wisdom-matters-in-the-modern-world/
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Adaptation Occurs Through

• Diffusion
• Acculturation
• Incorporation
• Directed change
• Cultural evolution

Meet the ancestors. DNA study pinpoints Namibia
as home to the worlds most ancient race.
(2009, May 1). Mail Online. Retrieved Sept. 17,
2012 from http//www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech
/article-1176140/Meet- ancestors-DNA-study-pinpoin
ts-Namibia-home-worlds-ancient- race.html
National Geographic San People
http//video.nationalgeographic.com/video/places/r
egions-places/africa-tc/southafrica_sanpeople/ 2.4
7
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Homework

• Take notes on pages 53-55.
• Read the article in the handout package entitled
  Indian Residential Schools. Match the key
  concepts at the bottom with the numbered passages.

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Psychological Theories of Social Change
Behaviour Modification

• Name common student misbehaviours in class
• Name teacher reactions to them
• Name common childhood misbehaviours at home
• Name parent reactions to them

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Skinners Operant Conditioning

• Learning can be programmed by whatever
  consequence follows a behaviour
• We repeat behaviours that are rewarded
• We avoid behaviours that are punished
• E.g., Skinner box how did it use operant
  conditioning?
• E.g., pigeon experiment on page 54 how does it
  use operant conditioning?

Science Photo Library. (N.d.). Skinner box
research. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012 from
http//www.sciencephoto.com/media/95709/enlarge
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Behaviour Modification Works on the Principles of

• Negative reinforcement if you do something
  society disapproves of, society will punish you
  or remove a privilege
• Positive reinforcement rewards for good
  behaviour
• Seen as more effective than negative

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Residential Schools

• Claims against the government fall into three
  categories
• Sexual and physical abuse
• Loss of language and culture
• At the Shingwauk residential school in Sault St.
  Marie in 1875, children were given a number of
  buttons at the start of each week. Every time
  they were caught using a native language, they
  forfeited a button. At the end of the week, the
  child with the most buttons received a prize a
  bag of nuts. Many schools punished children for
  speaking an aboriginal language. Punishments
  included writing 500 lines, adhesive on the
  mouth, withholding meals, needles through the
  tongue, or a strap across the hand or backside.
• Inter-generational family difficulties
• Parent visits were rare
• Siblings segregated by sex
• Letters home were in English unreadable by
  parents

Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada.
(N.d.). Retrieved Aug. 6, 2005 from
http//www.irsr-rqpi.gc.ca/english
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Residential Schools

• SOCIAL CHANGE THROUGH (identify the social
  science discipline)
• Diffusion
• Enculturation
• Directed change
• Acculturation
• Assimilation
• Behaviour modification / Operant conditioning
• Negative and positive reinforcement

Change in the 1) organization/structure of
society, and in the 2) beliefs and 3) practices
of the people in it.
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
McLeod, S. (2012). Maslows hierarchy of needs.
Simply Psychology. Retrieved Sept. 20, 2012 from
http//www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
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Behaviour Modification Articles Exercise (skip
Sept. 2014)

• In groups, read your article about a real-life
  example of behaviour modification. In your
  presentation
• Summarize how the program uses BM
• Is BM BS?
• Is it a successful and effective real-life
  strategy for changing behaviour?

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Homework

• Take notes on first half of sociological theories
  (use the new handout uses pages 59-64). .

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Sociological Theories of Social Change

• Tension and Adaptation when so much change
  occurs in society (tension, such as the Great
  Depression) social institutions need to adapt by
  doing new things
• Before the 1930s when people were struggling
  theyd either have to cope on their own or turn
  to private charities or religious supports.
• With so many people suffering in the Great
  Depression, the government (an institution)
  adapted by taking on the role of helping people
• What happened after 911 that showed tension and
  adaptation?

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Sociological Theories of Social Change

• Blue book case studies
• Page 22
• Page 101
• Can you make any connections between them and the
  theories of change or key concepts from chapter 2?

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• Accumulation
• Our knowledge accumulates (grows) over time
• New generations thus develop new ways of doing
  things
• E.g., television was new in the 1950s for your
  parents (or grandparents)
• What would be an example of accumulation in our
  day and age?

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• Diffusion of innovations
• New things are spread by people who adopt the
  changes early on and speak out in favour of them
• E.g., celebrity wears a new fashion trend
• What would be an example of a diffusion of
  innovations other than the one above?

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• Cultural pluralism
• Pluralism when minorities are allowed to
  maintain their traditions
• Opposite of assimilation
• In a diverse society like Canada there are so
  many groups, they need to discuss with each other
  before making any decisions
• Slows change
• What is the relationship between pluralism and
  assimilation?

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• Technology
• Social network leading to lots of social
  changes
• Did you know that Facebook, now in its tenth
  year, went from having 17 million users in 2007
  to 500 million in 2011?
• Did you know that the trigger event for the
  eruption of the protests in Egypt in 2011 related
  to Facebook? (next slide please)

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Wael Ghonim

• In June 2010, Khaled Said was beaten to death
  after exposing police corruption in Egypt. Wael
  Ghonim, an Egyptian Google marketing executive,
  established a Facebook page in July called We
  are Khaled Said. By January it had 350 000
  members. The day of revolt in Egypt drew 15 000
  protestors to Tahrir Square in Cairo while 20 000
  people protested in Alexandria. Eventually
  hundreds of thousands of protestors filled the
  streets. Ghonim was arrested on January 27. The
  government shut down the internet in Egypt. On
  February 11, President Mubarak resigned. (See
  blue textbook page 22)

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• Gender gaps
• Men and women are raised differently
• Women are socialized more in the private sphere
  (in the home as opposed to outside the home)
• McCormack studies voting
• Though men and women dont necessarily all vote
  together, women are influenced by their private
  sphere upbringing
• Obama is much more popular with women
• Did you know that Barack Obama is much more
  popular with women voters? There was an 18
  gender gap in 2012 and a 12 gap in 2008.

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• Discourses
• Smith
• The way people talk about a subject discourses
• Celebrity discourse
• School discourse (words like rubric and victory
  lap are specific to going to school in Ontario)
• Social media discourse (Ms. G has no idea what
  hashtag YM problems means)
• All of these influence the way we think and act,
  potentially leading to social change
• As a class, write a sentence that shows
  celebrity discourse and email it to Ms. G who
  probably wont understand it (thats the point
  we speak different discourses).

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Name the theory, key concept or theorist
associated with each of the following

• _______________ Skilled people with access to
  development funds they have influence.
• _______________ Require consensus on basic values
  and beliefs in order to take action. (synonym for
  multicultural)
• _______________ Growth of knowledge from
  generation to generation allows development of
  new ways of doing things.
• _______________ In this older theory, equilibrium
  is the balancing-out factor when institutions
  struggle with something new.
• _______________ Ways of communicating that
  influence the way we think and act.
• _______________ Women are socialized in the
  private sphere which influences their political
  viewpoints.
• _______________ Proximity to the core determines
  wealth.
• _______________ The core of it is at the centre
  of profit made from international trade.
• _______________ By adopting and speaking in
  favour of something new, they cause the diffusion
  of innovations.
• _______________ Your generation has a very
  different one, rooted in social networking, while
  your parents may focus more on the world of
  work. We have to take them into account for
  social change to occur.

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References

• Bain, C. et al. (2002). Transitions in society
• the challenge of change. Toronto
• Oxford University Press.
• De Coeur, T. et al. (2012). Challenge and
• change patterns, trends, and shifts in
• society. Toronto McGraw-Hill Ryerson.