Revolution!!

1
Revolution!!

• Understand that
• The collision of social unrest and new political
  ideas can lead to revolution.
• In times of crisis, people will turn to strong
  leaders to gain a sense of stability.

from Absolutism toEnlightenment to

• Warm up get your computers and choose a
  number from the cup on the big table.
• Read directions for KLG The History Channel
  Young Historians project. Questions?
• Go through homework calendar and write due dates
• Read directions for Core Assignment
• Country draft
• Review absolutism especially in France - that
  led to the Enlightenment and the French
  Revolution
• Enlightenment readings

• When is revolution justified? . Today?

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Now showingThe Adventures of Versailles
3
Starring

• Henry IV

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Starring

• Louis XIII

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Starring

• Cardinal Richelieu

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And the Star of the Show

• Louis XIV

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With a supporting cast of other absolute monarchs

• England the Tudor family
• Russia the Romanovs
• Spain Philip II
• Austria Habsburgs
• Germany Hohenzollerns
• England the Stuarts

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Absolutely Louis

• Louis XIV rules with divine right
• Weakens nobles
• Absolute monarch when England was a
  constitutional monarchy
• WHY???

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Look Around, Louis!

• While Louis XIV on throne from 1643-1715
• English Glorious Revolution 1688
• Bill of Rights, other previous documents limit
  Kings Authority
• Prime Minister gaining power under Hanovers
• England eliminates their absolute monarchs

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Dad and Grandpa
?

• Henry IV assassinated in 1610
• Louis XIII takes throne at age 9
• Marie de Medici (Louis mother) was regent for
  next 7 years

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Mamas Boy/Cardinals Boy

• Louis XIII kicks out Marie, keeps Cardinal
  Richelieu
• Richelieu ends nobles powers
• Nobles keep social status, but INTENDANTS take
  over administrative duties
• Builds army, economy, national unity, and
  culture
• Louis XIII is Richelieus puppet!!!

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Bonjour, Louis XIV!

• Takes control of government at age 23, rules for
  72 years!
• Doesnt want to make same mistakes as Dad
• Not a puppet
• Keep limited nobility
• Relies only on two major nobles
• Makes intendants permanent
• Fronde uprisings (Civil War by nobles and local
  leaders against increased royal power) make him
  determined to be absolute monarch

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A King and His Court

• Builds Versailles to show glory of monarch
• Officials live with him
• Nobility attend to him in court rituals
• Lavish lifestyle
• Nobility and
• royalty dont
• pay taxes

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(No Transcript)
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International Muscle

• Bold foreign policy that frightens other monarchs
• Wants to ally with Spain when king dies in 1700
• War of Spanish Succession to decide who gets
  Spain
• 1713 Treaty of Utrecht ends war
• France loses part of Canada

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Cant Win Em All

• Louis XIV fails to adjust tax system
• Poor carry burden, many upper class exempt
• Economic gap widens
• Doesnt fix treasury problem
• Unifies country under intendants who owe Louis
  XIV loyalty
• Doesnt change traditions
• Legal systems, taxes, measures different all over
  France
• Different authorities and regions for financial,
  judicial, religious, and administrative affairs

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Troubled Legacy

• Nobles still arent happy
• They dont have power, but that doesnt mean they
  dont want it
• Try to regain their power when Louis XV takes the
  throne
• France has no money!
• Buildings
• Wars
• Huguenots driven away

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Enlightenment has some radical new ideas
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Enlightenment

• Enlightenment Overview
• People try to apply the scientific approach to
  all aspects of society
• Political scientists propose new ideas about
  government
• Philosophes (philosophers) advocate the use of
  reason to discover truths
• Address social issues through reason

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Enlightenment

• Causes
• Ideals of the Renaissance
• Individualism, secularism, rebirth of classical
  teachings
• Scientific Revolution
• Logic, reason, mathematics
• New way of thinking based on willingness to
  question assumptions
• Absolutism
• Reaction to government of total control
• Questioning of Theory of Divine Right

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Characteristics of Enlightened Thought

• Ideas incorporating the themes listed below were
  heavily discussed during this era
• REASON-justification
• HAPPINESS-What makes people happy?
• LIBERTY-freedoms
• PROGRESS-tolerance, diversity, science
• NATURE- outside (plants, earth, universe, etc)
  and inside (emotion, human interactions, etc)

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THE SALON

1. Serious workroom of philosophy
2. Various people, all educated
3. Women sharp and witty

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Absolutism leads to Enlightenment

• Enduring Understandings
• A societys values can be seen through their
  cultural and scientific achievements
• Challenges to the social and political order
  frequently come from radical new ideas.

• Go to MrKsmodernworld review sheets and
  classwork documents page Unit 1 and find the
  following documents
• Read Hobbes choose three quotes that help to
  support the idea that absolutism is the proper
  form of government
• Read Locke in what ways does Locke agree with
  Hobbes? In what ways and why does he disagree
  with Hobbes?
• Read Rousseau With whom is he more likely to
  agree, Louis, Locke, and/or Hobbes?
• Describe how a Salon may sound where the above
  four men were discussing their ideas

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A graphic organizer of the philosophesIdentify
who, where and the key ideas of each of the
following
Hobbes
Locke
Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinkers
Beccaria
Adam Smith
Voltaire
Wollstonecraft
Rousseau
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Thomas Hobbes

• Human existence is "solitary, poor, nasty,
  brutish, and short"
• Living through the brutal English civil wars in
  the 17th century, Hobbes was very cynical about
  human nature.
• He wrote in the Leviathan that humans are selfish
  and wicked. Without government, there would be
  war of all against all.
• Therefore, absolute monarchies are created
  through a social contract to keep the mean, nasty
  men from killing each other.

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John Locke

• "Government has no other end than the
  preservation of property.
• He postulated that the mind was a "blank slate"
  or "tabula rasa people are born without innate
  ideas
• Believed that human nature is characterized by
  reason and tolerance
• Two Treatises of Government had a profound
  influence on the writing of the Declaration of
  Independence and Constitution
• People have god-given rights that are inviolable
• People will voluntarily, through a social
  contract, create a government to protect their
  god-given rights
• If government violates the social contract, then
  the people have the right to change the
  government

"Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins."
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Voltaire

• Those who can make you believe absurdities can
  make you commit atrocities.
• His intelligence, wit and style made him one of
  Frances greatest writers and philosophers
• He was attracted to the philosophy of John Locke
  and ideas of Sir Isaac Newton
• In favor of religious tolerance and interested in
  the study of the natural sciences

• Every man is guilty of all the good he didnt
  do.
• God is a comedian playing to an audience too
  afraid to laugh.
• If God did not exist, it would be necessary to
  invent him.
• It is dangerous to be right when the government
  is wrong.
• Love truth and pardon error.

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Voltaire

• Judge of a man by his questions rather than by
  his answers.
• Men are equal it is not birth, but virtue that
  makes the difference.
• Prejudice is opinion without judgment.
• The way to become boring is to say everything.
• I may not agree with what you have to say, but I
  will defend to the death your right to say it.

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Never exceed your rights, and they will soon
  become unlimited.
• Contended that man is essentially good, a "noble
  savage" when in the "state of nature"  
• Good people are made unhappy and corrupted by
  their experiences in society  
• Most important work is "The Social Contract" that
  describes the relationship of man with society

Man is born free, but everywhere he is in
chains.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• The right kind of political order could make
  people truly moral and free.
• Individual moral freedom could be achieved only
  by learning to subject ones individual interests
  to the General Will.
• Individuals did this by entering into a social
  contract not with their rulers, but with each
  other.
• This social contract was derived from human
  nature, not from history, tradition, or the
  Bible.
• People would be most free and moral under a
  republican form of government with direct
  democracy.

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Adam Smith

• Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all
  production and the interest of the producer
  ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be
  necessary for promoting that of the consumer.
• Scottish philosopher and economist famous for
  his book, The Wealth of Nations written in 1776
• Profound influence on modern economics and
  concepts of individual freedom
• Father of modern capitalism and influential in
  the formulation of American Capitalism
• Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
• Government needs to stay out of economics
  because
• Buyers will buy
• Sellers will sell
• Each will participate in economics out of their
  own self-interest
• Harmony will result

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Montesquieu

• Liberty is the key for successful government, but
  liberty is often eroded by power in the hands of
  government
• He is famous for his articulation of the theory
  of separation of powers in government executive,
  legislative and judicial
• Separated power would lead to checks on power and
  therefore protecting liberty developing the
  theory of checks and balances
• largely responsible for the popularization of the
  terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire

Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws
permit. -Montesquieu
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Beccaria

• An independent judiciary should provide justice,
  not just support the rulers
• Opposed torture and arbitrary rulings and
  procedures
• Promoted fair trials with adequate defense of the
  accused
• Punishment should fit the crime

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Wollstonecraft

• Promoted the value of women
• Women should be educated
• Women should be equal to men in politics and
  professions

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Impact of the Enlightenment

• People have confidence that human reason can
  solve social problems
• The individual becomes important as people use
  their own ability to reason and judge
• Absolutism is generally questioned as being the
  antithesis of enlightenment.
• Sets the stage for popular revolutions in the
  18th and 19th Centuries
• Some monarchs make reforms the enlightened
  despots modified absolutists
• Others fight for their continued power

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• RELIGIOUS

• Deism
• The belief in the existence of a God or supreme
  being but adenial of revealed religion,
  basingones belief on the light of natureand
  reason.

• Deists saw no point in any particularreligion
  they recognized only a distantGod, uninvolved in
  the daily life of man.

The Origins of Enlightenment?
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• RELIGIOUS

• Pantheism
• The belief that God andnature are one and the
  same.

• Gradually, highly educated Protestants
  Catholics thought more about Gods work as
  revealed through science, rather than through the
  Scriptures.

The Origins of Enlightenment?
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Effect of enlightenment

• How will these philosophes ideas affect
  political leaders and their subjects in Europe?
• Complete Unit 2 packet p 1 Q 1 and 2 Identify the
  key enlightened beliefs and how they conflict
  with absolutism

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Enlightened Despots

• Religious freedom
• Reformed and more professional judiciary
• Allowed more press freedom
• Improved education
• Abolished torture
• However
• Kept serfdom

Frederick the Great of Prussia
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Enlightened Despots

• Religious freedom even for non-Christians
• Allowed more press freedom
• Improved rule of law
• Abolished serfdom

Joseph II of Austria
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Enlightened Despots

• Corresponded with Voltaire, Montesquieu and
  Beccaria
• Spoke of enlightened ideas but little
  implementation
• However
• Kept serfdom

Catherine the Great of Russia
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Impact of the Enlightenment

• People have confidence that human reason can
  solve social problems
• The individual becomes important as people use
  their own ability to reason and judge
• Absolutism is generally questioned as being the
  antithesis of enlightenment.
• Sets the stage for popular revolutions in the
  18th and 19th Centuries
• Some monarchs make reforms
• Other Monarchs resist change to their power
• BUTthe common people, generally uneducated and
  distrusted by the philosophes, are not very
  enlightened. Therefore the enlightenment is
  really a middle class movement

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Enlightenment leads to the American revolution

1. Complete 3-7 packet p 1
2. How does the American Revolution illustrate
   understanding 1?

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ThThe American Revolution, 1776-1781e
Enlightenment and Revolutions

• - Claiming abuses by the British Government and
  a general failure to safeguard the natural rights
  of the citizens, the American Colonies declare
  their independence from England.
• - Thomas Jefferson authors the Declaration of
  Independence, drawing heavily on the writings of
  John Locke and the ideals of the Social Contract
  as theorized by Rousseau and Hobbes
• Government must be created by the People
• The people must consent to be governed
• The primary job of the Government is to
  protect the peoples natural rights- Life,
  Liberty, and The Pursuit of Happiness
• When a Government fails to protect these
  rights, then the people have the right to
  change their government, to overthrow it.

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The Enlightenment and Revolutions

• John Locke Thomas Jefferson

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The Enlightenment and Revolutions

• John Locke Thomas Jefferson
• Darn, I looked better in the last picture, J.
  Locke

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The Enlightenment and Revolutions

• Following the American Revolution, the Americans
  again embraced the ideals of the Enlightenment in
  the writing of their Constitution. James Madison
  heavily borrowed from the ideals of Montesquieu.
• Separation of Powers, and Checks and Balances
  make up the heart of the U.S. Constitution

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The American Revolution and French Involvement

• Americas war for independence was successful in
  part due to the assistance of the French
  government. One of the most influential French
  military assistants was Lafayette.
• In 1777, Lafayette purchased a ship, and with
  a crew of adventurers set sail for America to
  fight in the revolution against the British.
  Lafayette joined the ranks as a major general and
  was assigned to the staff of George Washington.
  He served with distinction, leading America
  forces to several victories. On a return visit to
  France in 1779 Lafayette persuaded the French
  government to send aid to the Americans,
  specifically the commitment of the French Navy,
  and monetary support.

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Connections between the American Revolution and
the French Revolution video part II
enlightenment

• Not only did French Citizens and Military
  directly participate in the American War for
  Independence, but the war itself, the ideals upon
  which it was based, and the eventual success
  served as inspiration for many of the French
  Citizens who had become disenchanted with their
  own government, especially King Louis XVI
• Another impact of the American Revolution was the
  additional ginormous Debt incurred by the French
  Government in assisting the Americans against the
  British, further pushing France into Financial
  Crisis.