Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint

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Spála ružokvetých Erwinia amylovora
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• Charakteristika patogena
• Rovné tycinky s okrouhlým koncem 0,5-1,0 x
  1,0-3,0 µm
• Gram negatiní nesporulující
• Pohyblivé pomomocí peritrichálních bicíku
• Na 5 sacharozovém mediu po 2-3 dnrch 27c jsou
  kolonie typicky bílé, vypouklé mukoidní, s hustým
  vlockovitým stredem
• Fakultativní aerobie
• Optimální teploty pro vývoj 21-28C

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• Hostitelský okruh
• Teoreticky všechny Rosaceae
• Prakticky mají význam jen nekteré plodiny Hloh,
  jeráb, jablon, hrušen, cástecne i maliník,
  ostružiník, slivon

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• Príznaky na ruzných cástech rostlin
• Infikované kvety vodnatí, vadnou, sesychají a
  hnednou.
• Listy v nekolika hodinách usychají hnednou až
  cernají, svinují se.
• Letorosty vodnatejí, pozdeji se zbarvují
  hnedocervene, usychají a svraštují se. Jejich
  vrcholy vadnou a hákovite se zahýbají.
• Korové pletivo výhonu vodnatí, nekrotizuje a
  zbarvuje se cervenohnede, patrné na podélném
  rezu. Na podzim korové pletivo mírne
  vpadne.Okraje mohou praskat.
• Plody, které jsou napadeny vykazují príznaky
  vodnatých skvrn, a tvorby bakteriálního slizu.
• V prubehu léta se na napadených orgánech vytvárí
  lepkavé bílé kapky slizu, jež pozdeji hnednou a
  tuhnou.

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Kvety a pludky
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Letorosty
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Plody
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Korové pletivo
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Poškození celých rostlin
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Diagnostika

• Vyplývá z možnosti sledovat bakteriální kolonie
  na živném mediu a jejich morfologických znaku pri
  mikroskopii.

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Diagnostika

• Biochemické testy
• Serologické testy
• Aglutinacní testy
• Imunofluorescence
• Test patogenity
• Bakteriofágový test
• Chromatografie mastných kyselin
• Stanovení aminopeptidázové aktivity

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Vývojový cyklus
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Ochrana rostlin
Preventivní Kranténní opatrení vnitrní a vnejší,
zejména pak opatrení proti šírení patogena.
(ohlašovací povinnost, odstranení hlohu
napadených, omezení presunu vcelstev, kontrola
sadu, vhodný rez). Opatrení pred
výsadbou Hnojení, závlaha, kultivace pudy











Kurativní Kurativní rez stromu Chemická ochrana
(mednaté prípravky, pozor na fytotoxicitu) Antibio
tika Insekticidy Biologická ochrana Žádné z
techto opatrení však není univerzální, je nutné
prihlížet k mnoha faktorum, i pres snahu zabránit
devastujícímu úcinku spály, nekdy nelze nic než
prihlížet.
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Snížení množství primárního inokula
Prevence infekce kvetu
Redukce napadení letorostu
One of the most promising developments for shoot
blight control is a gibberellic acid synthesis
inhibitor called Apogee (prohexadione-calcium,
BASF) which appears to be on a 'fast track' for
registration either this year or next. Excellent
results in limiting shoot blight has been
developed in Michigan (Al Jones, Michigan State
Univ.) and Virginia (Keith Yoder, Virginia Tech)
on the use of this material in one or two
applications beginning at petal fall. There are
few 'magic silver bullets' in plant disease
management, however, so that even if Apogee does
become available soon, it will still be important
to continue all basic efforts to reduce the
number and distribution of inoculum sources as
outlined above.
Prorezávání na podzim Aplikace mednatých
prípravku pred kvetem
Výber podnože
Snížení množství sekundárního inokula
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Prevence infekce kvetu
The prevention of blossom infections has always
been and will always be a major emphasis in any
fire blight management program. In the past, even
the most conservative approaches such as the
routine application of 3 to 4 streptomycin
antibiotic sprays during the bloom period
sometimes failed for unexplained reasons. Now,
with the Maryblyt program, infection events can
be predicted accurately and far enough in advance
to allow antibiotic treatments to be made on the
day before or the day of an anticipated event so
that the level of control is improved and, very
often, while using only 1 or 2 and sometimes no
sprays in a season. If streptomycin cannot be
applied before infection, it can still provide up
to 90 percent control if applied 24 to 48 hours
after infection which, depending upon the number
of blossoms present can still mean a considerable
loss and many sources of inoculum for secondary
infections. Blight Ban, a biological control
formulation using the bacterium, Pseudomonas
fluorescens A-506, which aggressively competes
for space on flower stigmas with the pathogen, E.
amylovora is also registered for use on apples
and pears. To be effective, however, Blight Ban
needs to be applied 1 or 2 times each season,
regardless of whether infection events occur.
This biocontrol organism is not effective if it
arrives on stigma surfaces at the same time or
after the pathogen gets there. Tests using this
material in the Mid-Atlantic area have not
provided consistent control when compared with
streptomycin programs. Another chemical option
which is not yet registered for use is Actigard
(Novartis). This material works very differently
than other materials in that it induces the host
tree's normal resistance mechanisms to become
operable early and shows some promise for fire
blight blossom blight control, especially where
streptomycin resistance may be a problem. Like
biocontrol agents, however, Actigard will also
need to be applied each season regardless of any
immediate risk of infection because it needs
about 5 to 7days lead time.
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Snížení množství sekundárního inokula
1 inch- 2,54 cm
As fire blight epidemics get underway, the number
of secondary infections increases rapidly because
each infection site supplies additional inoculum
for dispersal throughout orchards by wind, water
and insects. Even where blossom blight does not
occur or is well controlled, vegetative shoot
infections can still cause much damage to the
tree including a loss of total bearing surface.
Cutting out or breaking off infected shoots has
been tried often, but its effectiveness has
always been questioned because some years it
seems to work and some years it seems to fail
miserably. There is also the preconceived notion
that when cutting has to be done the amount of
cutting required is neither practical or
economical because of the time and labor
required. In truth, cutting out active infections
can be extremely effective if done at the right
time and in the right way. Cutting out active
infections. To be effective in slowing the
current season's epidemic, cutting must begin as
soon as early symptoms appear. The late Ron Covey
in Washington state demonstrated that delaying
the first of several cutting efforts by two weeks
resulted in the removal of six times more wood
than where cutting was begun immediately.
'Early', in this sense, means as soon as wilt
symptoms are apparent and before significant
necrosis develops. One reason for this is that
even before shoot tips wilt, droplets of
bacterial ooze are often present on otherwise
symptomless shoots and these are sources of
inoculum for further dispersal. One advantage of
the Maryblyt program is that it has proven to be
quite accurate ( 0-2 days) in predicting the
early appearance of blossom, canker, shoot and
trauma blight symptoms so that orchard monitoring
and cutting operations can be anticipated. How
the cuts are made is also important and has a
substantial amount to do with how much carryover
inoculum will be available the following year.
Conventional recommendations often suggest that
cuts be made 8 to 12 inches below the leading
edge of symptoms and that cutting tools be
surface sterilized with copper materials or
alcohol between each cut. We've found the
bacterial pathogen as far as 9 feet back on a
branch with a single terminal shoot tip
infection. This is far beyond the limit where
most growers want to or is necessary to cut. In
addition, because the bacteria are already
internal in the infected limb, the sterilization
of tools between cuts is of little practical
value.
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When infected shoots and branches are removed,
living cells are cut and bruised, allowing their
contents to be readily available for immediate
colonization by the bacteria already present in
xylem tissues so that small cankers (1/4-inch or
less) forms around many cuts regardless of
whether tools are sterilized. As this infection
progresses into healthy wood where reserve
carbohydrate levels exceed those of the bacterial
ooze, water is denied the bacteria and canker
extension stops. If cuts are made back to the
next healthy branch union following conventional
practice, this small canker will remain in the
orchard and provide primary inoculum for next
year's epidemic. Through a process I call "ugly
stub" cutting, cuts are still made 8 to 12 inches
below visible symptoms, but always into 2-year or
older wood (high carbohydrates) and then leaving
a 4- to 5-inch naked stub above the next leaf,
spur or branch. Although small cankers will still
form around a significant number of these cuts,
the ugly stubs can be easily recognized during
the dormant pruning operation and removed at that
time. A number of growers adopting this practice
on a regular basis routinely spray paint the ugly
stub bright orange so that they can be more
easily located during the winter. This procedure
is an important step in that it removes sources
of inoculum in the orchard quickly which reduces
the rate at which secondary infections occur and
it has longer term effects in that fewer cankers
are left in the orchard to fuel next year's
epidemic. It also has the very practical
advantage of being much faster in that the
tedious job of sterilizing tools between cuts is
not necessary so long as the only consideration
at the time is the removal of infected shoots.
This last caution is important because such
cutting forays should never be combined with
routine summer pruning efforts.
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Varietal susceptibility to fire blight. Varietal susceptibility to fire blight. Varietal susceptibility to fire blight. Varietal susceptibility to fire blight.
Host Degree of Susceptibility Degree of Susceptibility Degree of Susceptibility
Host Extreme Moderate Resistant
Apple Braeburn Fuji Gala Jonathan Lodi Rome Beauty Yellow Transparent Early McIntosh Granny Smith Grimes Golden Golden Delicious Jonafree Jonagold Missouri Pippin Sharon Red Delicious Winesap Haralson Liberty Prima Priscilla Redfree
Pear Aurora Bartlett Bosc Clapp's Favorite Comice Max-Red Bartlett Starkrimson Winter Nallis Anjou Dawn Douglas Kieffer Seckel Sparklett Harrow Delight Magness Moonglow Starking Delicious (Maxine)

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Monitoring výskytu
Vliv faktoru na vznik infekce
Vnitrní faktory Rezistence x náchylnost stárí
napadaných pletiv dusík a jeho zastoupení
Vnejší faktory meteorologické
faktory teplota, déšt, vlhko, kroupy pudní
faktory (kolísání vlhkosti, výživa, pH) rez
stromu
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Monitoring na podzim
Monitoring v dobe primární infekce JARO
Rostliny vykazují prítomnost typických príznaku
Sledování pocasních cinitelu
Znicení napadených stromu ci jejich kurativní
rez
ošetrení rostlin
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Ruzné prístupy pro signalizaci chemického
ošetrení proti spále ružokvetých Krome
meteorologických faktoru je nutné brát v úvahu i
fenofázi rostliny a konrétní podmínky
stanovište. Millsuv systém 18C a vlhkost
70 Powelluv systém Po posledním nocním mrazu se
nacítá minimálne 16,5 C z denních prumeru nad
18C SET. Kalifornský predpovední
systém Monitoring epifitních bakterií v kvetech.
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Systém dle Billingové
DDH (daily degree hours)
MARYBLYT
MIS
Cougarblight model
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Systém dle Billingové Stanovení potenciálních dnu
infekce a rychlosti vývoje. Prehledový graf
vývoje behem vegetace. Pro vznik infekce je
nejduležitejším faktorem zdvojnásobení poctu
prezimujících bakterií
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Cougarblight model
Na základe denních stupnu a odpovídající rustové
krivky bakteriálních kolonií lze predikovat rust
BC kolonií na kvetech.
Tato krivka vznikla na základe laboratorních
testu rustu patogena, teploty jsou akumulovány od
doby kdy je dosaženo minima 15,5 C. Ve chvíli,
kdy suma denních stupnu dosáhne cca 260, lze
predpokládat zahájení infekcního procesu.
Maximálního infekcního tlaku je pak dosaženo v
dobe kdy suma denních stupnu dosáhne 426. Jiste
že realita je závislá na potenciálním napadení,
které je funkcí prezimujících bakterií v sadu.
F C x 9/5 32C (F - 32) x 5/9
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 Date  DAILY HIGH TEMP  LOW TEMP.  DAILY DEGR.Hrs. (CHART)  4- DAY TOTAL DEGR. HOURS  RAIN/ BLOSSOMS WET?  COMMENTS
 4/14  63 49 9   9  
 4/15  61 44 2  11    
 4/16  68 43 33  44    Full Bloom Pear
 4/17  69 40 42  86    
 4/18  70 44 52 129    1st Bloom Apple
 4/19  74 48 100  227    
 4/20  77 49 146  340    
 4/21  82 47 228 526    
 4/22  78 45 162 636  Rain Shower  Infection occurred
 4/23  71 48  62 598    Apple Full Bloom
 4/24  64 42  10 462    
 4/25  60 43  0 234    
F C x 9/5 32C (F - 32) x 5/9
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Jako príklad jednoho z modelu lze považovat model
využívající výpocet DDH (daily degree hours). V
prubehu dní je sledována teplota minimální a
maximální viz výše. K vytvorení predpovedního
modelu na této úrovni je nutné sledovat danou
lokalitu i nekolik let a disponovat informacemi o
stupni napadení.
F C x 9/5 32C (F - 32) x 5/9
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MARYBLYT Predictive Model for Fire Blight
Infection and Symptom Development
Infection via blossoms. The following codes
represent RISK ESTIMATES for blossom infection
0 little or no probability of infection L
low probability of infection L-M low risk
of infection unless blight was local last year
M moderate risk of infection M-H
moderate risk of infection unless blight was
local last year "H" high probability of
infection I an infection has probably taken
place.
  Recent Risk Estimates Recent Risk Estimates Forecasted Risk Estimates Forecasted Risk Estimates Forecasted Risk Estimates
Orchard Sites (Counties) 2 days ago (4/23/05) Yesterday (4/24/05) Today (4/25/05) Tomorrow (4/26/05)  
  2 days ago (4/23/05) Yesterday (4/24/05) Today (4/25/05) Tomorrow (4/26/05) 4/27/05
Logan (Cache) 0 0 0 0 0
Perry (Box Elder) L M M L M
Kaysville (Davis) M M M L M
SLC (Salt Lake) H M M L M
Provo (Utah) M M M L M
Payson (Utah) L M M L M
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Situace v CR Vetšina území vykazuje prítomnost
Erwinia amylovora, monitoringem se provádí na
stanici VURV ve Slaném, již nekolik let je
upravován a optimalizován model
Billingové. Výstup byl upraven o srážky a z toho
vyplývající ovlhcení listu. MIS- program pro
monitoring umožnuje charakterizovat optimální dny
vývoje a tudíž i ošetrení.
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