UNIT 1 MATERIALS

1
UNIT 1MATERIALS

• Vocabulary
• Names of materials
• Characteristics of materials
• Adjectives and dimensions
• Word formation SUFFIXES to form ADJECTIVES
• Grammar and functions
• Giving definitions describing
• Articles
• Expressing measurements

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VIDEOSECTION 1 elements found in all stars.

• Profile of the abundance of elements found in
  stars
• -immense amounts of HYDROGEN and HELIUM.
• -LOWER amounts (2) of the heavier elements
• Peaks CARBON
• OXYGEN
• MAGNESIUM
• SILICON
• SULPHUR
• IRON

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VIDEO

• Process nuclear fusion
• 2 HYDROGEN atoms HELIUM ENERGY-gt SUNLIGHT
• HELIUM HELIUM CARBON
• HELIUM CARBON OXYGEN
• OXYGEN HELIUM MAGNESIUM
• Right up to IRON
• For each of these fusion reactions to occur,
  INCREASING TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE are needed

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DESCRIPTIONS

• Graphite a blackish soft allotropic form of (0)
  carbon, with (0) metallic luster and (0) greasy
  feel. It consists of layers of carbon atoms.
  Unlike (0) diamond, (0) graphite is an electrical
  conductor . It is used in (0) pencils, (0)
  coatings and (0) electrodes, as a lubricant, as a
  moderator in (0) nuclear reactors, and, in a
  carbon fibre form, as a tough lightweight
  material for (0) sporting equipment
• Ceramics A ceramic material may be defined as an
  inorganic crystalline oxide material. It is solid
  and inert. (0) Ceramic materials are brittle,
  hard, strong in (0) compression, weak in (0)
  tension. (0) Ceramics can generally withstand (0)
  very high temperatures
• Nylon is a thermoplastic, silky material made of
  repeated units of amide bonds. It is very strong
  and elastic. It is used to make (0) fabrics, (0)
  ropes, (0) musical strings, and for (0)
  mechanical machine components
• Petrol is a volatile flammable liquid. It
  consists of (0) short-chain hydrocarbons. It is
  used as a fuel especially in (0) internal
  combustion engines and as a solvent
• Plastics a plastic substance is any of the
  numerous organic synthetic or processed materials
  consisting of (0) very large molecules that are
  mostly (0) polymers of (0) high molecular weight
  and can be made into (0) objects, (0) films, or
  (0) filaments

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LISTENING what is a metal?

• We are so familiar with metals that it might be
  quite a surprise to be asked the question What
  is a metal?.
• Take magnesium for example. It burns easily. Why
  then do we regard magnesium as a metal similar to
  say iron which will not burn?
• The most important properties that distinguish
  metals from non-metals are
• they reflect light and thus are shiny
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity
• They combine with fluorine and chlorine
• Most react with acids and with oxygen
• Apart from these similarities, metals show a
  great deal of variation.
• Gold, lead and sodium are very soft materials,
  much softer for example than silicon and
  graphite, both non-metals.
• Many metals corrode easily.
• Gold, chromium and platinum, however, do not.
• Some metals are very active sodium, calcium and
  potassium combine easily with oxygen, chlorine
  and fluorine.
• Gold, silver and mercury, on the other hand, do
  not form compounds so easily.
• Metals far outnumber non-metals only 20 of the
  103 elements known today are non-metallic

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ARTICLES (1)

1. ...Ø... petrol is used as ..a. fuel in .. Ø..
   combustion engines.
2. .... Ø...corrosion is ...a...very serious problem
   in Ø. metallic structures.
3. .. Ø..iron is used in ... Ø. engineering due to
   ...its..... strength.
4. ....the.. physical properties of .... Ø. matter
   will be studied in Ø chapter 3.
5. There are many energy sources, like ...Ø... oil
   or ...Ø... coal
6. Ø fission is one of ....the.. two types of Ø
   nuclear reactions which release Ø large amounts
   of Ø energy. The fission of Ø Uranium atoms is
   used in Ø nuclear power plants to generate Ø
   electricity.

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ARTICLES (2)

• 7. The/a major component of Ø steel is Ø iron, a
  metal that in its pure state is not much harder
  than Ø copper.
• 8. A generator is a machine which produces Ø
  electricity
• 9. Ø silicon is used as a semiconductor in the
  manufacture of Ø chips.
• 10. Ø plastics may be classified into two major
  groups according to their chemical composition.
• 11. Ø mathematics is basic for an engineer.
• 12. An alloy is a metallic substance composed of
  two or more elements as either a compound or a
  solution.
• 13. In Ø Kevlar, an artificial fiber, the
  molecules lie straight, giving it Ø/its strength
  and Ø/its stiffness

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ARTICLES MERCURY

• Ø mercury is a/the chemical element whose symbol
  is Hg.
• It is a silvery-white, heavy, liquid metal.
• Compared with other metals, it is a poor
  conductor of Ø heat and a fair conductor of Ø
  electricity.
• Ø mercury is the only common metal that is a
  liquid at Ø ordinary temperatures.
• It easily forms Ø alloys with many other metals.
• When it combines with certain metals (such as Ø
  silver, Ø zinc or Ø tin), the resulting alloy is
  called an amalgam.
• Both the element and Ø most of its compounds are
  poisonous.
• Ø mercury and its compounds are used in Ø
  electrolytic cells, Ø dentistry, Ø thermometers,
  Ø batteries, and in Ø medicine.

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DESCRIBING

• Definition X is GENERAL CLASS
• Composition
• It is made (up) of Materials
• It consists of Substances
• It has Components
• It is composed of Parts
• It is formed by Pieces
• Characteristics
• To be ADJ Shape (circular, elliptical)
• To look ADJ Properties (flexible, tough)
• To seem ADJ Colour (blue, greenish)
• To become ADJ Texture (hard, smooth)
• Temperature (warm, cold)
• Dimensions (long, thin, small)
• To have NOUN
• Applications
• X is used for (GER) / to (INF)
• X is used in/as (NOUN)
• X serves to (INF)

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VOCABULARY Adjectives

• TEMPERATURE Boiling, Molten, Cool, warm,
  Burning, Icy
• TEXTURE rough, hard, smooth, soft, sticky
• SHAPE rectangular, straight, cylindrical,
  square, rounded, sharp
• COMPOSITION metallic, wooden, plastic, ferrous,
  synthetic, organic
• SIZE huge, tiny, minute, large, broad, short
• COLOUR light, bright, dark, opaque, faded,
  reddish

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WORD FORMATION Adjectives

• ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS
• LATIN ORIGIN OR ROOT ENGLISH ORIGIN
• -IC atomic -FUL beautiful
• -AL/AR usual/linear -LESS harmless
• -OUS poisonous/ lustrous -(L)Y sunny
• -ISH yellowish
• ADJECTIVES FROM VERBS
• -ING shining
• -ED concentrated
• ADJECTIVES FROM VERBS OR NOUNS
• (usually from a Latin origin)
• -IBLE/ -ABLE terrible/drinkable
• -ENT / -ANT different/important
• -IVE massive

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WORD FORMATION

• STAINLESS STEELS
• StainLESS steels contain chromium, nickel
• and other alloyING elements
• that keep them rust resistANT
• in spite of the action of moisture or corrosIVE
  acids and gases.
• Some steels have unusUAL strength.
• Because of their shinY surfaces
• architects wideLY use them
• for decoratIVE purposes.

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VIDEO METEORITES

• The Ballwell meteorite fell in 1965.
• BROWN METALLIC skin due to ATMOSPHERIC HEATING
• it consists of SILICATES.......
  (..GREEN....olivine)
• some..METAL (BROWN DISCOLORATION DUE TO
  OXIDATION OF IRON)
• chondrules
• Section of a chondritic meteorite
• chondrules
• SILICATES.....(OLIVINE........)
• DARK............patches( IRON METAL.........)
• Iron meteorites
• Blades OF IRON-NICKEL ALLOY (IRON WITH A LITTLE
  NICKEL)
• INCLUSIONS OF IRON SULFIDE......
• Meteorites contain three principal phases
• 1- OLIVINE (MAGNESIUM SILICATES)
• 2- IRON OFTEN WITH A LITTLE NICKEL
• 3- IRON SULFIDE...........
• Chondritic meteorites appear to have changed
  chemically the least since their condensation
  from the primitive solar nebula. They contain
  HYDROGEN and HELIUM but otherwise their element
  abundance should be similar to the abundance in
  the solar spectrum.

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LISTENING Temperatures

• The most commonly used metal in industry is IRON.
  Its symbol is Fe, its atomic weight 55.19 and its
  specific weight is 7.86 GR/CM3. Its melting point
  is 1,528ºC this is a metal which is magnetized
  quite strongly but above 768ºC it cannot be
  magnetized.
• Another metal of a great importance in
  engineering is ALUMINIUM, with an atomic weight
  of 26.97, a specific weight of 2.7 GR/CM3 and its
  melting point is 658ºC
• Among metals, LEAD is the metal which possesses
  the highest density, with an atomic weight of
  207.22 and a specific weight of 11.34 GR/CM3
  contrarily to other metals, however, its melting
  point is relatively low as it melts at 327ºC.

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LISTENING Temperatures

• However not all metals have the same
  characteristics as an example we have MERCURY
  which is A LIQUID at room temperature thus, the
  temperature at which this metal changes from
  liquid to solid is 38.9ºC and its boiling point
  is 357.2ºC.
• Non-metals, on the other hand, vary greatly with
  regard to their characteristics. For example,
  CHLORINE has a specific weight of 0.0032 GR/CM3
  and its boiling point is 33.7ºC. However,
  SILICON, whose specific weight is 2.33, melts at
  1,310ºC and boils at 2,355ºC.

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DESCRIBING

• Dimensions
• General dimensions (thin, long, small)
• Specific dimensions
• X is 3mADJ (long)
• X is 3mINNOUN (in length)
• X has a NOUN OF 3m (X has a length of 3m)
• The NOUNOF X is 3m (The length of X is 3m)

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EXERCISE Measurements

1. The film coating the piece must be very THIN. It
   should be 0.05 mm THICK
2. The light travels along THE LENGTH of the optical
   fibre
3. In this part of the swimming pool you can dive in
   because it is 5 ft DEEP to the bottom
4. The engineers have built a new tower which is 50
   m HIGH
5. To make chips, a single crystal in the shape of a
   long bar of about 10 cm IN diameter is cut into
   circular slices 1/2 mm THICK
6. The beams needed for the structure must be 3 m
   LONG and 25 cm THICK/WIDE
7. To take the recordings, the thermometer was
   placed at a HEIGHT of 1.5 m above ground level.

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EXERCISE Measurements

1. The steel bar can resist up to 305 kg IN WEIGHT
   before breaking
2. The piece of the machine is too long to fit in
   the slot, so we must make it SHORTER
3. 3-D objects have three main dimensions HEIGHT,
   WIDTH and LENGTH
4. The WIDTH of the tunnel decreases as it goes
   through the mountain, leaving only one lane.
5. The reaction produces a layer on top of the
   solution, with THICKNESSES ranging from 0.2 to
   0.6 mm
6. Pitting is a corrosion process that creates holes
   of about 0.03 mm DEEP/WIDTH on the surface of the
   metal
7. HOW WIDE/WHAT WIDTH is the base of the column?.
   Well, it is 1/2 m WIDE

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LISTENING Dimensions

• CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALLOY
• Stands very high and very low temperatures
• melting point 3,527ºC, below -58ºC
• DIMENSIONS
• 2.35m high,
• width 37 cm
• 1.55m length of its base 1.05cm top
• it weights 782 kg
• PERFORMANCE
• 1700 hours
• 350 rpu (revolutions per unit)