POPULATION

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POPULATION

• Chapter 2

H. J. deBlij
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Where in the World Do People Live and Why?

• Arithmetic population density Measure of total
  population relative to land area

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Where in the World Do People Live and Why?

• Arithmetic population density Measure of total
  population relative to land area

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• Physiologic population density Population per
  unit area of agriculturally productive land
  (takes this map into account)

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• Physiologic population density Population per
  unit area of agriculturally productive land
  (takes this map into account)

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Population distribution Descriptions of locations
on the Earths surface where individuals or
groups (depending on the scale) live
D
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
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Population distribution Descriptions of locations
on the Earths surface where individuals or
groups (depending on the scale) live
C
A
B
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
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Major World Population Clusters

• A. East Asia ¼ of world population
• B. South Asia Bound by the Himalayas to the
  north and a desert in Pakistan
• C. Europe Population concentrated in cities
• D. North America Megalopolis

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Why Do Populations Rise or Fall in Particular
Places?

• Thomas Malthus
• An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798)
• Population growing exponentially
• Food supplies growing linearly
• What happened?
• Expansion of food supply sources (globalization)
• Increase in agricultural productivity
  (exponentially)

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Doubling Time

• Number of years for a population to double in
  size (like a bank deposit at compound interest)
• Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then
  increased doubling time (growth slowed down)

Doubling time 54 years
Doubling time 45 years
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Rate of Natural Increase

• Difference between births and deaths
• Does not include immigration and emigration

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Rate of Natural Increase

• Difference between births and deaths
• Does not include immigration and emigration

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

• The average number of children per woman
• TFR needed to maintain the population size 2.1

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

• The average number of children per woman
• TFR needed to maintain the population size 2.1

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Population Growth in India

• Significant demographic variations within
  countries Higher growth rates in northeastern
  India,
• lower rates in southeastern India

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Population in India

• 1950s Population planning program
• 1960s National population planning program
• 1970s Beginning of forced sterilization program
  for men with 3 or more children 22.5 million men
  sterilized
• 2004 Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program
  in Uttar Pradesh
• Today Use of advertising and persuasion to lower
  birth rates in most states

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The Demographic Transition

• Changes in birth, death, and natural increase
  rates
• Decline in death rates followed by decline in
  birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth
  rate

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World Birth Rates
Number of births in a year per 1,000 people
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World Birth Rates
Number of births in a year per 1,000 people
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World Death (Mortality) Rates
Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people
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World Death (Mortality) Rates
Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people
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The Demographic Transition
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Why Does Population Composition Matter?

• Components of population composition
• Gender distribution
• Age distribution
• Population pyramid Graphic depiction of
  population by percentage in each age group,
  divided by gender

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Population Pyramids for Poor Countries

• High infant mortality
• Short life expectancy
• Rapid population growth

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Population Pyramids for Wealthy Countries

• Low infant mortality
• Long life expectancy, especially for females
• Little or no growth, even natural decrease

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World Infant Mortality

• Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per
  1,000 live births in a year

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World Infant Mortality
Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per
1,000 live births in a year
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Infant Mortality in the United States
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World Life Expectancy
Number of years a person born now can expect to
live
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World Life Expectancy
Number of years a person born now can expect to
live
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Mothers Index

• Based on 10 barometers of well-being among
  mothers and children
• Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

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Mothers Index

• Based on 10 barometers of well-being among
  mothers and children
• Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

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Diseases

• Sources of diseases
• Infectious diseases Spread from person to person
• Vectored Spread through intermediary, such as an
  insect
• Nonvectored Spread directly from person to
  person
• Chronic or degenerative diseases Diseases of old
  age
• Genetic or inherited diseases Passed through
  genes
• Spread of diseases
• Endemic Present in small area
• Epidemic Spreads over large region
• Pandemic Spreads worldwide

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Causes of Death in the United States

• Chronic diseases reflecting longer
• life expectances
• Decline in deaths
• from infectious diseases

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• HIV/AIDS
• Became worldwide concern in 1980s (but probably
  present in Africa before then)
• Infection long before symptoms appear
• Social stigma
• Many deaths among young adults

Effect of AIDS on population structure of South
Africa
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• AIDS Impact on Children

Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, showing him
working in the fields and caring for cattle to
assist sick family members
Sparrow Rainbow Village, a hospice for child AIDS
patients near Johannesburg, South Africa
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How Do Governments Affect Population Change?

• Expansive population policies
• Anti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist China,
  Soviet Union)
• Combating declining birth rates, aging
  populations (e.g., Europe)
• Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi Germany)
• Restrictive population policies

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The Case of China
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The Case of China
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The Case of China