History of Photography II

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History of Photography II

• From Calotype to Film

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Evolution cont.

• Daguerres and Niepces work was publicy
  announced at the Academie des Sciences in 1839
• Caused immediate public interest in the images
• French painter Paul Delaroche declared from this
  time on, painting is dead!

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Calotype

• Following on the announcement of Daguerre, an
  englishman, William Henry Fox Talbot, announced
  his research to the Royal Society and the Royal
  Institution in England
• He developed a process known as Photogenic
  Drawing
• Used paper sensitized with silver chloride.
  Would expose in a camera and fix with a salt
  water bath. Talbot then contact printed the
  paper negative to a sensitized paper to form a
  positive print. Exposure times decreased.
• Detail not as great as daguerreotype
• Calotype process used to create first book of
  photography The Pencil of Nature 1844

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William Henry Fox TalbotThe Open DoorPlate VI,
"The Pencil of Nature"c. 1844
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Fixing the Image

• John Hershel invented a true method for fixing
  images
• Used sodium thiosulfate, which he mistakenly
  called sodium hyposulfate.
• Called it hypo and the term stuck to today!
• Salt water fixatives became a thing of the past
• Hershel coined terms photography, negative and
  postive

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Collodion Wet-Plate Process

• People wanted the ease of the negative to
  positive process, but with clarity and depth of
  detail found in daguerreotypes.
• Experimented with coating glass plates with
  silver halide, using egg whites (albumen) as a
  carrier
• Glass plates not as sensitive
• Tried same process with paper and had better
  results.
• Billions of eggs used in the late 19th century

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Collodion cont.

• Frederick Scott Archer used collodion as
  transparent adherent
• Collodion dissolved gun cotton in ether and
  alcohol which dries clear and tough
• Mixed collodion with potassium iodide and coated
  on glass plate
• Plate sensitized by dipping in silver nitrate,
  which created silver iodide
• Drawback plates had to be exposed and processed
  before collodion dried or development chemicals
  would not penetrate
• Incredible results, could create many prints from
  plates.by 1850s, daguerreotypes a thing of the
  past

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Dry plate process

• Gelatin became important adherent/carrier for
  silver salts.
• Richard Maddox discovered in 1871
• Others perfected process by 1879
• Allowed for development at a later time and
  allowed for mass production

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Theres More!

• Glass plates still in use, but heavy and fragile
• Search went on for a flexible, light and durable
  base
• George Eastman invented a flexible base
• First roll film!
• However, base not transparent, so emulsion had to
  be stripped from base and processed at
  manufacturing plant.
• Eastmen developed a returnable camera and
  promoted the slogan You Push the Button, We Do
  the Rest!
• Modern day photography and mass appeal is born!