history of photography

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

• BY SAKSHI CHAUHAN

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INTRODUCTION

• The history of photography began in remote
  antiquity with the discovery of two critical
  principles
• Camera obscura image projection
• The observation that some substances are visibly
  altered by exposure to light.
• There are no artifacts or descriptions that
  indicate any attempt to capture images with light
  sensitive materials prior to the 18th century.
• Around 1717, Johann Heinrich Schulze captured
  cut-out letters on a bottle of a light-sensitive
  slurry, but he apparently never thought of making
  the results durable. Around 1800, Thomas Wedgwood
  made the first reliably documented, although
  unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images
  in permanent form. His experiments did produce
  detailed photograms, but Wedgwood and his
  associate Humphry Davy found no way to fix these
  images.
• In the mid-1820s, Nicéphore Niépce first managed
  to fix an image that was captured with a camera,
  but at least eight hours or even several days of
  exposure in the camera were required and the
  earliest results were very crude. Niépce's
  associate Louis Daguerre went on to develop the
  daguerreotype process, the first publicly
  announced and commercially viable photographic
  process.
• The daguerreotype required only minutes of
  exposure in the camera, and produced clear,
  finely detailed results. The details were
  introduced to the world in 1839, a date generally
  accepted as the birth year of practical
  photography.The metal-based daguerreotype process
  soon had some competition from the paper-based
  calotype negative and salt print processes
  invented by William Henry Fox Talbot and
  demonstrated in 1839 soon after news about the
  daguerreotype reached Talbot.

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Subsequent innovations made photography easier
and more versatile. New materials reduced the
required camera exposure time from minutes to
seconds, and eventually to a small fraction of a
second new photographic media were more
economical, sensitive or convenient. Since the
1850s, the collodion process with its glass-based
photographic plates combined the high quality
known from the Daguerreotype with the multiple
print options known from the calotype and was
commonly used for decades. Roll films popularized
casual use by amateurs. In the mid-20th century,
developments made it possible for amateurs to
take pictures in natural color as well as in
black-and-white. The commercial introduction of
computer-based electronic digital cameras in the
1990s soon revolutionized photography. During the
first decade of the 21st century, traditional
film-based photochemical methods were
increasingly marginalized as the practical
advantages of the new technology became widely
appreciated and the image quality of moderately
priced digital cameras was continually improved.
Especially since cameras became a standard
feature on smartphones, taking pictures (and
instantly publishing them online) has become a
ubiquitous everyday practice around the world.
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History of Photography
Photography is an art form invented in 1830s,
becoming publicly recognised ten years later.
Today, photography is the largest growing hobby
in the world with the hardware alone creating a
multi-billion dollar industry. Camera
Obscura Camera Obscura (which is Latin for the
Dark Room) is essentially a dark, closed space in
the shape of a box with a hole on one side of it.
The hole has to be small enough in proportion to
the box to make the camera obscura work properly.
The way it works is that due, to optical laws,
the light coming through a tiny hole transforms
and creates an image on the surface that it meets
(the wall of the box). It is believed that Camera
Obscura was invented around 13-14th centuries,
however there is a manuscript by an Arabian
scholar Hassan ibn Hassan dated 10th century that
describes the principles on which camera obscura
works and on which analogue photography is based
today.Camera Obscura is essentially a dark,
closed space in the shape of a box with a hole on
one side of it. The hole has to be small enough
in proportion to the box to make the camera
obscura work properly. The way it works is that,
due to optical laws, the light coming through a
tiny hole transforms and creates an image on the
surface that it meets, i.e. the wall of the box.
The image was mirrored and upside down, however,
so basically everything that makes today's
analogue camera's principles different to camera
obscura ones are the mirrors and the film which
is used to capture and preserve the image created
by the light
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In the mid16th century, Giovanni Battista della
Porta century, an Italian scholar, wrote an essay
on how to use camera obscura in aid of making the
drawing process easier. He projected the image of
people outside the camera obscura on the canvas
inside of it (camera obscura was a rather big
room in this case) and then drew over the image
or tried to copy it. The method is quite similar
to that which was used in the Retroscope drawing
in the animation industry in early twentieth
century. The process of using camera obscura
looked very strange and frightening for the
people at those times and the Giovanni Battista
had to drop the idea after he was arrested and
prosecuted on a charge of sorcery (the use of
black magic). The first photo picture as we
know it was taken in 1825 by a French inventor
Joseph Niepce. It depicts a view from the window
at Le Gras. Niepce came up with the idea of using
a petroleum derivative called "Bitumen of Judea".
Bitumen hardens with exposure to light so the
unhardened material was then washed away. The
metal plate, which was the media used by Niepce,
was then polished rendering a negative image
which then was coated with ink producing a print.
One of the numerous problems with this method was
that the metal plate was heavy, expensive to
produce, and took a lot of time to polish
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The Birth of Modern Photography
The first effective photographic technique was
invented by Louis Daguerre. In 1829, he formed a
cooperation with Joseph Nicephore Niepce in order
to improve Niepce's process. After several years
of experimentation and the death of Niepce,
Daguerre devised a more practical and effective
method of photography in 1839, which he named the
daguerreotype after himself. The images were
'fixed' onto a sheet of silver-plated copper
using Daguerre's method. He polished the silver
and coated it in iodine to create a
light-sensitive surface. After that, he placed
the plate in front of a camera and exposed it for
a few minutes. Daguerre soaked the plate in a
solution of silver chloride after the image was
painted by light. This procedure resulted in a
long-lasting image.The rights to the
daguerreotype were sold to the French government
in 1839, and a booklet outlining the technique
was released. The daguerreotype soon gained
popularity by 1850, New York City alone had over
seventy daguerreotype studios.
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• Negative to Positive Transformation (1841)
• Henry Fox Talbot, an English botanist and
  mathematician who was a contemporary of Daguerre,
  invented the first negative from which multiple
  positive prints could be created. Talbot used a
  silver salt solution to light-sensitize paper.
  The paper was then exposed to light. The topic
  was portrayed (caused to become) in gradations of
  grey against a black background. This was a
  negative photograph, and Talbot made contact
  prints from the paper negative, reversing the
  light and shadows to create a detailed image. He
  refined the paper-negative method in 1841 and
  named it a calotype, which is Greek for
  "beautiful picture."
• Negatives from Wet Plates (1851)
• The wet plate negative was devised by Frederick
  Scoff Archer, an English artist, in 1851. He
  covered glass with light-sensitive silver salts
  using a viscous collodion solution. This wet
  plate produced a more solid and detailed negative
  since it was made of glass rather than paper.
• When sensitive materials could be coated on plate
  glass, photography evolved significantly. Wet
  plates, on the other hand, needed to be developed
  fast before the emulsion dried. This means
  bringing a portable darkroom with me on the go.
• Hand-held cameras and dry plate negatives (1879)
• The dry plate, a glass negative plate with a
  dried gelatin emulsion, was invented in 1879. Dry
  plates can be kept for a long amount of time.
  Photographers could no longer use portable
  darkrooms and instead employ professionals to do
  it for them.

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Photographs in Color (1940) Color films became
economically viable in the early 1940s (with the
exception of Kodachrome, which was released in
1935). These films used dye-coupled colour
technology, which involves a chemical process
that joins the three dye layers together to
generate an apparent colour image. Sir John
Herschel invented the term photography in 1839,
derived from the Greek words "fos" (light) and
"grafo" (writing). Even if the procedure became
simpler and the end result improved, it took a
long time for photography to gain public
recognition. Initially, photography was either
utilised as an aid to an artist's work or
followed the same ideas as the artists. To
preserve memories, the first publicly recognised
portraits were usually portraits of one
individual or family portraits. After decades of
refinement and improvements, Eastman's Kodak
camera became the first camera to be widely used.
In 1888, it was introduced to the market with the
tagline "You press the button, we do the rest."
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COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY
Despite being researched during the nineteenth
century, colour photography did not become
economically profitable until the middle of the
twentieth century. Scientists around the turn of
the century were unable to keep colour for long
enough, as their chemical formulae caused them to
fade with time. From 1862 onwards, two French
inventors Louis Ducosde Hauron and Charlec Cros
Practical, who worked independently, patented
several colour photography systems. In 1907, the
first workable colour plate was introduced to the
market. Its method was based on a series of
filters on a screen. The screen allowed filtered
red, green, and blue light to pass through before
being created as a negative and then reversed to
a positive. Using the same screen in the future
When the same screen was used later in the
printing process, the colour of the photo was
conserved. Even though it has been slightly
modified, the technique is still employed in the
procedure. The RGB modes in many imaging
applications are based on the primary colours for
television and computer screens, which are red,
green, and blue. The earliest colour photograph,
of a tartan ribbon, was shot in 1861 by James
Clerk Maxwell, a famous Scottish physicist known
for his work in electromagnetic. Despite the fact
that his shot had a significant impact on the
photography profession, Maxwell is rarely
remembered for it. The reason for this is that
his physics inventions just overwhelmed this
achievement.
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Photography in India in the 19th Century
Photographers traveled to India to record the
historical monuments and the varied landscape of
the country. In 1847 William Armstrong Fallon
surveyed in Temples in the Ajanta and Ellora
caves and published a book. Thomas Biggs, Bombay
Artillery was appointed architectural
photographer in 1855, and made 100 negatives of
Bijapur, Aihole, Badami and other sites. In
Madras Linnaeus Tripe was appointed official
photographer. Tripe photographed the temple
architecture of Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli,
Tanjavur, Madurai and other places. In 1870
Archeological Survey of India appointed Major
General Alexander Cunningham and thousands of
negatives and prints were made of various
heritage sites. The "Oriental Races and Tribes"
was published in two volumes by William Johnson
and William Henderson, who shot a variety of
individuals. Captain Meadowes Taylor released
"People of India" in 1868, which consisted of
eight volumes and 500 original pictures. In 1854,
in Bombay, and 1857, in Bengal and Madras,
India's first photography organisations were
founded. Photographic societies made a
significant contribution to the understanding of
photography theory and practise. In 1856, the
Madras School of Industrial Art's Dr. Alexander
Hunter accomplished some significant work. Raja
of Chamba, Ramsingh the Maharaja of Jaipur,
Maharaja of Benaras, and several princesses were
among the monarchs who took up photography. Since
he moved with ease, Lala Deen Dayal was able to
shoot the scene on a larger scale than any
European firm.
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Photography's Modernization In the early
twentieth century, photography underwent
significant transformations. This may be said of
any other form of visual representation, but
photography's modified understanding of the
medium is unique. We need to go back in time to
understand this shift in perception and usewhy
photography appealed to artists in the early
1900s and how it was absorbed into artistic
practises by the 1920s. Eastman c. 1900 Kodak
advertisement for the Brownie camera The
popularity of photography grew in the late
nineteenth century, and inventions like the Kodak
1 camera (1888) made it affordable to the
upper-middle class by 1900, the Kodak Brownie
camera, which cost significantly less, had
reached the middle class.
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Digital camera invention Many technophiles are
curious as to who originated the digital camera.
With so many camera options available for both
professionals and beginners, it's difficult to
picture a world without digital cameras. However,
someone did invent the digital camera. Perhaps
you're still wondering who invented the digital
camera. Continue reading to learn more! A Brief
History of Digital Cameras The patent for an
all-electric camera was created by Texas
Instruments in 1972. It's unclear whether a
prototype was actually made, but many people
believe it wasn't. The device described in their
patent was analogue rather than digital. Future
steps relied heavily on analogue and electronic
cameras, played a significant part in the
development of digital technology in the future.
Eugene Lally had a concept for a camera that
employed a mosaic photo sensor years before, but
he never followed through on it. Willis Adcock
had a concept for a digital camera but never got
around to making it.
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The History of the First Digital Camera Steve
Sasson invented the first digital camera, which
was made out of pieces from other cameras. The
device's body was made up of parts from other
cameras, while the remainder was made up of Kodak
parts. The entire apparatus weighed more than 8
pounds and was roughly the size of a toaster at
the time. The camera was nowhere near as fast or
as small as today's digital cameras or camera
phones. The protocol digital camera took 23
seconds to capture a picture and produced images
that were just a hundredth of a current pixel in
size. The image was then transferred to a
cassette tape in 23 seconds.
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About Steve Sasson Steve Sasson was born on July
4, 1950. Growing up in the New York City metro
area, Sasson became interested in all levels of
technology available at the time. Sasson attended
Brooklyn's Technical school before getting
degrees in Electrical Engineering. In 1978,
Sasson and Gareth A. Lloyd (who helped in
creating the first digital camera) were awarded
with United States Patent 4,131,919 for the
creation of the digital camera. Sasson stayed
with Eastman Kodak Company long after his
invention and continues to work for Kodak. He is
no longer engineering cameras, but instead works
to protect intellectual capital and property
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Final Thoughts The world of digital cameras now
seems a given. Stores like Ritz Camera sell
digital cameras for all purposes--from flower
photography to underwater cameras. Film cameras
now seem to belong in vintage camera stores. But
none of the advances in digital camera technology
could have ever happened if it was not for Steve
Sasson and his creation in late 1975
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