Chapter 8

1
Chapter 8 The Hebrews and Judaism
Section Notes
Video
The Early Hebrews Jewish Beliefs and
Texts Judaism over the Centuries
Judaism throughout the World
Maps
Possible Routes of Abraham and Moses Kingdoms of
Israel and Judah, c. 920 BC The Dead Sea
Scrolls Jewish Migration after AD 70 Assessment
Map
History Close-up
Destruction of the Second Temple
Quick Facts
Chapter 8 Visual Summary
Images
Moses and the Golden Calf The Dead Sea
Scrolls The Tower of Babel
2
The Early Hebrews
6.3.3 6.3.4

• The Big Idea
• Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established
  a great kingdom called Israel.
• Main Ideas
• Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and
  to a new religion.
• Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off
  invaders.
• Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after
  their kingdom broke apart.
• Some women in Hebrew society made great
  contributions to their history.

3
I. Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan
and to a new religion.

• Accounts written by Hebrew scribes describe the
  Hebrews' early history and the laws of their
  religion.
• A. The Beginnings in Canaan and Egypt
• 1. The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back to
  Abraham, who was told by God to leave Mesopotamia
  and settle in Canaan.
• 2. After a famine struck Canaan, the Hebrews
  ended up in Egypt and lived well, causing the
  pharaoh concern.

4
B. The Exodus
1. The pharaoh of Egypt made the Hebrews slaves
to stop them from taking over Egypt. 2. A leader
named Moses demanded that the pharaoh free his
people. 3. He refused, and plagues occurred,
frightening the pharaoh.

• 4. His people were released, so they began their
  Exodus out of Egypt.
• 5. God then gave Moses the Ten Commandments by
  which to live.
• 6. They included worshipping only God and valuing
  human life.

• C. Return to Canaan
• 1. The Hebrews reached Canaan and settled there
  in small communities, as the Israelites.

5
II. Strong kings united the Israelites to fight
off invaders.

• B. King Solomon
• 1. Solomon became king next, and expanded the
  kingdom and trade.
• 2. He made allies with nearby kingdoms,
  including Egypt and Phoenicia. Trade with them
  made Israel very rich.
• 3. With the riches that came from this, he built
  a temple to God in Jerusalem.

• 1. The new threat to the Israelites came from the
  Philistines.
• 2. The Israelites united under Saul, who became
  the first king of Israel.
• 3. The Israelites wanted a single ruler who could
  lead them in battle.
• King David
• 1. David became king after Saul. He won many wars.

6
III. Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews
after their kingdom broke apart.

• 1. After Solomons death, revolts broke out over
  who should be king.
• 2. This split Israel into two kingdoms, called
  Israel and Judah. The people of Judah became
  known as the Jews.
• 3. Both were conquered, and Judah fell to the
  Chaldeans.

7

• A. Scattering of the Jews
• 1. The Jews went through a period of enslavement
  called the Babylonian Captivity.
• 2. The Persians took over and allowed the Jews to
  return to Jerusalem. Some did not return,
  however, and settled in other parts of the
  Persian Empire.
• 3. Scholars call the scattering of the Jews
  outside Israel and Judah the Diaspora.

• B. Independence and Conquest
• 1. Although Jewish leaders added to the Second
  Temple under Roman rule, life was difficult.
• 2. Heavy taxes were a burden. The Romans were
  brutal masters with no respect for the Jewish
  religion or way of life.
• 3. Roman rulers appointed the leaders of the
  Temple. This was more than the Jews could bear.

8
IV. Some women in Hebrew society made great
contributions to their history.

• 1. Hebrew government and society was governed by
  men. Women had few rights.
• 2. They had to obey their fathers and husbands.
  They couldnt choose their own husbands.
• 3. A woman could not inherit property unless she
  had no brothers.
• 4.Some of them, however, such as Queen Esther,
  the judge Deborah, and Miriam (the sister of
  Moses) made great contributions to society.
• 5. Some women, such as Ruth and Naomi, were seen
  as examples of how women should behave. Ruth was
  devoted to her mother-in-law.

9
Jewish Beliefs and Texts
6.3.1 6.3.2

• The Big Idea
• The central ideas and laws of Judaism are
  contained in sacred texts such as the Torah.
• Main Ideas
• Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience
  anchor Jewish society.
• Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the
  Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries.
• The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish
  beliefs.
• The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later
  cultures.

10
I. Jewish Beliefs Anchor Their Society God,
Education, Justice, and Obedience

• A. Belief in One God
• 1. Judaism is the worlds oldest and possibly the
  first monotheistic religion. Monotheism is the
  belief in only one god.
• B. Belief in Education
• 1. Teaching children, mostly boys, has always
  been important to Jewish society.
• C. Belief in Justice and Righteousness
• 1. Jews are expected to be kind and fair in
  dealing with other people, in a display of
  justice.
• 2. They are also supposed to be righteous and do
  what is proper.
• D. Belief in Obedience and Law
• 1. They obey moral and religious laws such as the
  Ten Commandments and Mosaic law.

11
II. Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the
Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries.
A. The Torah 1. This is a collection of five
books that make up the most sacred text in
Judaism. 2. Nearly every synagogue has one.
B. The Hebrew Bible 1. This is made up of the
Torah, the Proverbs, and the Book of Psalms. 2.
It is also made up of eight books that describe
the messages of the prophets.
C. The Commentaries 1. Because some laws are hard
to understand, scholars wrote commentaries to
explain them. 2. They can be found in the Talmud.
12
III. The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past
Jewish beliefs.

• 1. The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947.
• 2. It is suspected that they were written between
  100 BC and AD 50.
• 3. The scrolls included prayers, commentaries,
  letters, and passages from the Hebrew Bible.

13
IV. The ideas of Judaism have helped shape
Later Cultures.

• 1. Judaism helped shape the largest religion of
  Western society today, Christianity, as well as
  Islam.
• 2. Many people still look to the Ten Commandments
  as a guide and do not work on the weekends, to
  honor the Sabbath.
• 3. People also give to charities, which is
  largely based on Jewish teachings.

14
Judaism over the Centuries
6.3.5

• The Big Idea
• Although they were forced out of Israel by the
  Romans, shared beliefs and customs helped Jews
  maintain their religion.
• Main Ideas
• Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great
  changes in Jewish culture.
• Because Jews settled in different parts of the
  world, two cultural traditions formed.
• Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their
  history and religion.

15
I. Revolt, Defeat, and Migration led to great
changes in Jewish Culture.

• Revolt against Rome and results of the Revolt
• 1. The Zealots, a group of people who thought
  that Jews shouldnt answer to anyone but God,
  refused to answer to the Romans and revolted.
• 2. During the battles, the Second Temple was
  destroyed. The Romans finally won in AD 73.
• 3. The Romans killed much of the Jewish
  population as punishment.

16
B. A Second Revolt

• 1. Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans
  in the 130s.
• 2. After winning the second revolt, the Romans
  declared that any Jew caught in or near the city
  would be killed. This increased Jewish migration
  to the Mediterranean region.
• 3. Because the Jews no longer had a single temple
  in which to worship, local synagogues and rabbis
  became important in guiding their religious
  lives.
• C. Migration and Discrimination
• Local Synagogues were important due to Jews no
  longer having a single temple.
• Rabbis religious teachers that guide Jews in
  lives.
• 3. Interpreted Torah and teachings, leaders of
  community

17
II. Because Jews settled in different parts of
the world, two Cultural Traditions formed.

• Jewish communities in various parts of the world
  developed different customs, including language
  and rituals.
• A. Jews in Eastern Europe
• 1. One of the two traditions, Ashkenazim, is made
  up of Jews who moved to France, Germany, and
  eastern Europe.
• 2. They developed their own language called
  Yiddish.
• B. Jews in Spain and Portugal
• 1. Another group of descendants, called the
  Sephardim, lived in what is now Spain and
  Portugal.
• 2. They mixed with non-Jews, borrowing elements
  from their culture and producing a golden age of
  Jewish culture.

18
III. Jewish traditions and Holy Days celebrate
their history and religion.
A. Hanukkah 1. This holy day honors the
rededication of the Second Temple. 2. It is
celebrated by lighting candles in a menorah. 3.
The eight days represent the amount of time the
oil burned during the rededication.
B. Passover 1. This is a time for Jews to
remember the Exodus. 2. They eat only flat bread
and have a ritual meal called the seder.
C. High Holy Days 1. The first two days, Rosh
Hashanah, celebrate the beginning of the Jewish
new year. 2. On Yom Kippur, the most holy day,
they fast all day and ask God for forgiveness of
their sins.
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Click window above to start playing.