The Isolation of Russia

1
The Isolation of Russia
2
Compared to Western Europe

• Backward (blend of cultures)
• Less politically developed
• Not influenced by Renaissance and Scientific
  Revolution
• No exploration (no sea routes)
• No trade (No Crusade)
• Serfdom continues
• 30 Years War (holds E. Europe back)

3
Early Russian Society

• 1480 Ivan III frees Russia from the Mongol Yoke
• Became the first czar
• Claimed descent from Caesar
• Society dominated by landowning nobility
  (boyars), serfs tied to land
• Serfdom lasted until mid 1800s (ended in
  1300/1400s in Western Europe

4
Effects of Mongol Culture

• Asian culture
• Mongols took money (tribute)
• Princes controlled land and collected money
• Mongols used strength of military/force

5
More Isolation

• Dont know much of W. Europe
• Middle Age leadership- Constantinople not Rome
• Mongols cut Russia off from W. Europe during
  Renaissance

6
Legitimacy

• Tie back to Romans and Byzantium
• 2 headed eagle
• Absolute monarch Caesar
• Religion of Byzantium
• Break from Catholicism
• Leads to religious conflict with W. Europe
• Art icons

7
Further Isolation

• Geographically cut-off
• Ural Mountains cut off from East
• Only seaport- Archangel (frozen)
• Religion widens gap West
• Eastern/Russian Orthodox v. Catholic/ Protestant
• Only Germans traveled to Russia

8
Ivan the Terrible
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Time of Troubles

• No clear successor to Throne
• Michael Romanov

10
Rule of Peter the Great
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Peter the Great
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Early Rule

• Crown at Ten
• Strelsky Kills Family
• Made Co with brother Ivan
• Plays solider
• Sister Sophia Tries to Take over
• Imprisons her in Convent
• Gets rid of Brother
• Louie XIV

13
Peter the Great

• 1682 (full power 1696)
• Interested in foreign things, ships, seas
• Saw need for warm water port
• Necessary for competition with modern powers
• Came to power w/ help of streltsy (Moscow guards)

14
Desire to Modernize

• 1698 Traveled to W. Europe to learn customs
• 1st czar to travel to W. Europe (heretics)
• Incognito (wanted real look)
• Worked in shipyard in Netherlands
• Later traveled to England
• Toured in London

15
Peters Changes Make Russian more W. European

• Status of Women
• Until 1700 followed Byzantine custom- women stay
  at home
• Noblewoman invited to social gatherings (without
  veils)
• No arranged marriages (unless children consented)
• No beards for men (look European)

16
Peters Changes Make Russian more W. European

• Russian Calendar
• Year starts on Jan. 1 not Sept. 1
• Year based on birth of Jesus
• 7208 became 1700
• Newspapers
• 1st newspaper reported on non-Russian events
• Western ideas develop
• Reading taught

17
Peters Changes Make Russian more W. European

• Agriculture
• Staple crop potato
• Factories and Mines-
• Exports encourage
• Imports discouraged
• Factories subsidized (centralized workshops)
• Iron industry developed

18
Absolute Rule

• Peter increased power
• People become discontented (forced changes)
• Holy Synod (priests) with Peter as head- replaced
  Patriarch
• Similar to Church of England
• Boyars lose power (new social status)
• Land and positions given to lower-ranking
  (ensured loyalty)

19
Russian Military

• European officers hired to modernize
• Army Prussia, Navy -Britain
• Only had part-time cavalry
• Army of 200,000 paid for by taxes
• Army used to crush peasant revolt and gain warm
  water port
• Lead to need for warships

20
Russian Military

• Close Russia to possible European invasion
• Great Northern War- v. Swedes who invade Ukraine
  (defeated by winter)
• Russia gains land on Baltic Sea

21
A New Capital

• 1712 St. Petersburg made capital
• Built on swamp
• Land gained from Sweden
• Located on Neva River, near coast

22
Catherine the Great
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Catherine the Great
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The Beginning...

• German sent to Russia to marry Peter (heir to
  throne)
• Peter was mentally unstable
• Catherine made friends with army officers
• 1762 husband came to power
• she had him confined (died/murder)
• 1762 Catherine crowned

25
Her 34 Year Rule

• Dedicated to Russia
• 1767 Convention of nobles, free peasants,
  townspeople
• Created constitution
• Suggested reform stop capital punishment, end
  use of torture,abolish serfdom
• In end group accomplished nothing
• Religious tolerance, except Jews

26
Little Help for Peasants

• 1773 massive rebellion of serfs, soldiers,
  escaped prisoners
• Leader Pugachev (claimed to be dead husband)
  promises to end serfdom
• Serfs burned manors, murdered landowners
• Rebellion grows

27
Reaction Results

• Reaction Army used to crush rebellion
• Villages destroyed
• Results Catherine realized she needed nobles
  help to keep throne
• Nobles given absolute control over serfs
• 95 of population was serfs

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War?

• Ignores philosophes warning against war
• War with Ottoman Turks
• Access to Black Sea
• Threatened balance of power in E. Europe-
  Frederick II, Maria Theresa threatened
• Led to compromise (Aust, Prussia, Russia)-
  divided weak Poland (1795 Poland gone

29
Expansion

• Russia grew by 200,000 square miles

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Russia

• Weaknesses
• little industry
• inefficient agriculture
• serfs (80) tied to land- uneducated, poor, no
  incentive to work
• stern rule of czar
• political tension between nationalities
• 1800s attempt to expand Pan-Slavism
• gain access to Mediterranean

31
Alexander I

• Coup
• Defeats Napoleon
• Scorched Earth
• Peter Used in Great Northern Wars
• Presence felt at Congress of Vienna

32
Decembrist Revolt

• Alexander I dies- army officers revolt
• Officers had contact with West (Napoleonic Wars)
• Goal written constitution (Western-style rights)

33
Repression and Nicholas I

• 1825 Decembrist Revolt crushed
• Russification- force Russian language, culture
  and subject nations
• Destroy nationalism and revolts
• Serfdom not abolished- needed support of the
  wealthy
• 500 peasant revolts crushed
• Westernization hampered

34
Repression and Nicholas I

• Fight revolutionary spirit
• Limited education
• Books and newspapers censored
• Secret police
• Crimean Wars lost- Russia behind

35
Reforms and Alexander II

• Reform needed for Westernization
• 1861 Serfdom abolished
• 1/2 land remained for nobles
• 1/2 mirs (village commumities)- SOLD money for
  govt.
• Peasants still tied to land (not allowed to
  leave, others would have to pay more)

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Mir
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Alexander II
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More Reforms

• Zemstvos- people gain some control over affairs
• local councils- nobles, townspeople, peasants
• More schools
• Court system modernized
• Army reformed
• Economic development encouraged with building of
  railroads and factories

39
1863 Polish Revolt

• Reform ended
• Russification pushed in Poland
• led to more Polish nationalism

40
1870 Will of the People

• Russian nationalists
• officials murdered
• bomb kills Czar Alexander in 1881

41
Reading

• Group 5 minutes
• Pass in Video Notes
• 2nd Empire
• Third Republic
• Paris Commune
• Dryfus Affair

42
Repression and Alexander III

• Russia becomes a police state to end
  revolutionary activity
• power of zemstvos reduced
• persecution of Jews- pogroms
• Russification- Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationalism
• Nationalism still grows
• Industrialization continues
• Russia still behind rest of world

43
Russia under Nicholas II

• Nicholas II- Romanov family
• Czar in 1894 at age 26
• Did NOT want to become czar
• Ruled as autocrat

44
Nicholas II
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Attempts at Modernization

• Russia was weak and undeveloped
• Sergei Witte- czars minister
• 1900 worked for industrialization
• Foreign experts brought in
• Trans-Siberian RR completed
• Increased taxes
• Borrowed money from foreigners

46
Unrest Develops from Urbanization

• Peasants left farms for factories
• Workers unhappy with low standard of living and
  little political power
• Upper-class resented power of foreign companies
• Critics look to a new form of government

47
Russian RevolutionLeninStalin
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Lenin and the Bolsheviks

• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin- studied Marx
• Brother was executed for plot against the czar
• 1895 Lenin was arrested and sent to Siberia for
  political activities then left Russia for 17
  years
• In Europe Lenin continued his anti-czarist
  activities

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Lenin
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Russian Marxists Split

• Both groups agreed Russia was not industrialized
  or capitalist
• Mensheviks minority
• Socialist revolution needed to wait until
  proletariat grows
• Bolsheviks majority
• Form secret group to help workers revolt
• Secret group would rule until proletariat ready

51
Revolution of 1905

• 1905- Russia defeated in Russo-Japanese War
• 1905- Workers in St. Petersburg revolt
• Soviets formed- representative council for the
  people
• October Manifesto- Czar gives constitution
• Duma- first parliament, czar had veto power

52
Read and Take Notes

• Kagan 837- 840
• New Industries
• Economic Difficulties
• Social Distinctions

53
Rasputin and the Romanvos
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Alexei
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Romanovs
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WWI

• Russia interested in Balkans brings her into war
• 1915- Nicholas goes to front to rally troops
• Alexandra left to rule with Rasputin
• Holy man who could control Alexis hemophilia
• 1916 Nobles kill Rasputin- felt their power
  threatened

57
The March Revolution

• Causes
• Defeats of war
• Discontent (food, fuel shortage)
• Weaknesses of autocracy
• Strike led by women textile workers in Petrograd
• Soldiers turn on officers, not people

58
Results of March Revolution

• Nicholas II abdicates
• Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky
  est.
• Russia stays in WWI
• Western-style parliamentary govt.
• People unhappy

59
Petrograd Soviet

• Competes with Provisional Govt. for control
• Favored withdrawal from WWI
• Favored radical social reform for workers and
  peasants
• Actually held more power than Provisional Govt.

60
Three Government Choices

• Russia lost faith in govt, Lenin is returned by
  Germans
• 1. Parliamentary Govt- order through Democratic
  reform (Provisional)
• 2. Military Dictatorship- restore order by armed
  force

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Three Govt. Choices cont

• 3. Rule by workers and soldiers soviets
• Petrograd Soviet controlled by Lenin and
  Bolsheviks
• Offered land, food, and self-determination to
  non-Russians
• People wanted real change Who would they favor
  and why?

62
Fall 1917

• All power to the soviets
• Bolshevik Revolution
• Nov. 7- Leon Trotsky, leading Lenins supporters,
  seized government
• Provisional Govt. officials arrested
• Communists come to power

63
October Revolution
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State-building under Lenin

• Chaos worsened under Bolsheviks
• No effective govt. or army
• No food, commerce, or industry
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
• Bolsheviks/Communists decide to eliminate ALL
  opposition

65
Treaty of Brest Litovsk

• Signed with Germany
• Lost Finland, possessions in Poland, Baltic
  States, Ukraine
• Treaty cancelled when Germany lost war
• Finland, Baltic States gained independence

66
Civil War Breaks Out

• Whites- opponents of Bolsheviks, aided by West
• Parliamentary Govt. supporters
• Czarist defenders
• Moderate Socialists
• Reds- Communists
• Greens- Ukrainian peasants
• Want independence

67
Communist Dictatorship

• Terror Tactics
• Economic Policy
• Kronstadt Rebellion
• Centralized Govt.

• Soviet Union
• Religious persecution
• Propaganda

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Terror Tactics

• Dictatorship of the Proletariat
• Secret police used to kill and suspected
  opponents of govt.

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Economics War Communism

• Nationalization of industry, banks, foreign trade
• Draft used for labor and army
• Strikes forbidden
• Food taken from peasants and given to cities and
  armies
• Russia continues to decline

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Kronstadt Rebellion

• March 1921
• Sailors rebel
• Results Lenin switches to NEP
• New Economic Policy
• Only important industries under state control
• Some free enterprise

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Centralized Government

• Govt. moved to Kremlin- Moscow
• Politburo led new govt.
• unity stressed (thrown out)
• political parties banned
• only 1 of population was Communist (500,000)
• Decisions made at top (like czar)
• Party ran unions

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Lenin's grave
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Lenin's Tomb
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State and Party Linked

• Soviets elected locally but led by Party
• Soviets
• district, regional, republic level
• Supreme Soviet- highest govt. authority
• Council of Ministers- Party members who made up
  executive branch

75
The Soviet Union

• Formed in 1922 by Communists
• 15 Republics based on nationalities
• Identical constitutions
• Controlled by Party
• Limited self-rule
• Self-determination in writing only

76
Religious Persecution

• Religion was threat
• State schools taught God did NOT exist
• Church seen as possible tool of control
• Land and property seized

77
Propaganda

• Govt. controlled and censored information
• Lenin tried to isolate USSR from West
• Party ideology enforced
• Marxism-Leninism

78
Literacy Campaign
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Read and Take Notes

• Kagan 848-855
• New Employment
• Working Class Woman
• Middle Class Women
• Political Feminism
• Finish at home

80
Long Live Stalin
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Lenins Hopes for Communism

• Govt. was responsible for workers problems
• 1919 Comintern- Communist Third International
• bring Communists together and help Soviet foreign
  policy
• Goal strengthen Soviets not world revolution

82
Lenin's body
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Lenin's Mourners
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Lenin's Mourners
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Stalin v. Trotsky

• Lenin wanted Trotsky to be successor
• Stalin uses position of Secretary General to gain
  power

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Stalin
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Stalin
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Stalins 5 Year Plans

• Plans set quotas for production of industrial
  goods
• All economic activity under state management
• First Five Year Plan 1928-
• Industrial output up 250
• Less consumer goods
• State forced labor (bad conditions)
• Literature used to rally people

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Five Year Plan
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Five Year Plan
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Collectivization of Agriculture

• High demand for farm output
• Food exported for industrialization
• Workers refused quotas
• Collective farms - combining small farms into
  larger farms

92
Collectivization
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Reaction to Collectivization

• Stalin was at war with people
• Peasants views- equated it with serfdom and loss
  of freedom
• Refused to give up land
• killed animals, burned crops
• Famine and reduced output resulted
• Kulaks- prosperous farmers liquidated
• Gulags- forced labor camps

94
Political Terror

• Millions died in collectivization and
  industrialization
• Congress of 1934- Stalin criticized
• same favored Kirov as replacement
• Kirov killed Great Purge

95
Great Purge 1935

• Stalin called Kirovs murder plot against Soviet
  leadership
• Important Communists put on trial and forced to
  make false confessions in public
• Executed
• Kirovs supporters eliminated
• Trotsky murdered while in exile in Mexico

96
Trotsky's Grave
97
Terror

• Stalin intimidated people
• Secret police given quotas of people to kill
• Totalitarian State- govt. controls every aspect
  of its citizens lives

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Stalin's Grave