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Title: Chapter 1


1
Chapter 1 The First Civilizations
  • Early Humans
  • Mesopotamian Civilization
  • The First Empires

2
Early Humans
  • DID YOU KNOW? Scientists believe early humans
    made tools from other materials besides stone.
    They probably used wooden sticks to dig holes and
    used bark from trees to make containers. Unlike
    stone, these organic materials decay, so remnants
    from the early humans are unavailable.

3
Early Humans
  • History is the story of humans in the past, and
    historians are the people who study and write
    about humans of the past.
  • Archaeologists hunt for evidence buried in the
    ground. Anthropologists study how humans
    developed and related to each other.
  • The early period of human history is called the
    Stone Age. The earliest part of the Stone Age is
    called the Paleolithic period.

4
Early Humans- Paleolithic People
  • Paleolithic people were nomads- traveling from
    place to place to hunt and search for food.
  • Women cared for children, gathered berries, nuts,
    and grains.
  • Men hunted using clubs, spears, traps, bows and
    arrows.
  • Adapted to their environment. For example
    Those in warm climates wore little clothing.

5
Early Humans- Paleolithic People cont.
  • Paleolithic people discovered fire
  • Fire kept them warm, lit the darkness, scared off
    wild animals, and allowed them to cook meat which
    lasted longer.

6
Early Humans- Ice Ages
  • Ice Ages refer to long periods of extreme cold.
    During the Ice Ages, thick sheets of ice covered
    parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.
    (Beringia)

7
Early Humans- Paleolithic People
  • Developed spoken language and expressed
    themselves through art, which may have had
    religious meaning.
  • Created tools such as spears and hand axes using
    stone called flint

8
Neolithic Times
  • People began to domesticate, or tame animals,
    during the Neolithic Age. Domesticated animals
    carried goods and provided meat, milk, and wool.
  • People in different parts of the world began
    growing crops about the same time. This is
    referred to as the farming revolution.
  • SEE MAP ON PAGE 13

9
Neolithic Times
  • Because farmers needed to stay close to their
    fields, they built permanent homes in villages.
    Two of the oldest known villages are Jericho
    (present day Israel and Jordan) and Catal Huyuk
    (present day Turkey).

10
Neolithic Times
  • Permanent villages provided people with security
    and steady food. The surplus food led to a
    larger population.
  • Not all people in a village were farmers. Others
    made pottery, mats, and cloth. They traded these
    goods for things they didnt have.
  • People continued to create new technology. They
    created better farming tools and began working
    with metal, copper, bronze, and tin.

11
OTZI THE ICEMAN
12
Section 1 Discussion Question
  • Why was farming important to the Neolithic
    people?
  • Farming allowed people to settle in one place,
    and it provided a steady food supply.

13
Ch. 1 Section 2- Mesopotamian Civilization (pg.
16-23)
  • Civilizations are complex societies with cities,
    governments, art, religion, class divisions, and
    a writing system.
  • Rivers were important because they made for good
    farming conditions as well as made it easy for
    people to travel and trade.
  • Governments were formed because someone had to
    make plans and decisions for the common good.

14
Mesopotamian Civilization
  • Mesopotamia is a flat plain bounded by the Tigris
    and Euphrates Rivers.
  • Meso is Greek for middle.
  • Mesopotamia is also referred to as the cradle of
    civilization, fertile crescent, land between the
    rivers.

15
Mesopotamian Civilization
  • Floods were frequent and unpredictable. Farmers
    learned to control the rivers with dams and
    channels. They also used the river to irrigate,
    or water their crops.
  • Many cities formed in a southern region of
    Mesopotamia known as Sumer.
  • Sumerian city-states had their own governments.
    They often fought each other. To protect
    themselves, city-states build walls around
    themselves.

16
Sumerians
  • Believed in many gods. Each city-state had a
    ziggurat, or a grand temple, to honor the gods.
  • Most were farmers but some were artisans, or
    skilled workers. Others were merchants and
    traders.
  • Sumerian city-states had three classes.
  • Upper Class (kings, priests, gov. officials)
  • Middle Class (artisans, merchants, fishers,
    farmers)
  • Lower Class (slaves)

17
A Skilled People
  • Mesopotamia has been called the cradle of
    civilization because of the influence of Sumerian
    ideas on other areas
  • Sumerians developed a writing system called
    cuneiform. Only a few people, called scribes,
    learned to write.
  • Sumerians also produced the oldest known story,
    the Epic of Gilgamesh.
  • Invented new technologies wagon wheel, sailboat,
    and the plow.
  • Developed many mathematical ideas geometry,
    number system based on 60, and a 12-month
    calendar.

18
Sargon and Hammurabi
  • Sargon set up the worlds 1st Empire by conquering
    all of Mesopotamia. He was the King of the
    Akkadians. An Empire is a group of many
    different lands under one ruler.
  • After Sargon, another group of people bacame
    powerful. They built the city of Babylon on the
    Euphrates River.
  • The Babylonian king, Hammurabi, conquered lands
    north and south of Babylon to create the
    Babylonian Empire.

19
Hammurabi's Law Code
  • The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of laws
    covering crimes, farming, business activities,
    and marriage and family. Many punishments in the
    code were cruel, but the code was an important
    step in the development of a justice system.
  • Read You Decide on pages 24,25.

20
Singapore
  • In Singapore, police can randomly select people
    to test for drugs in their system. If found
    guilty, the death penalty will be enacted.
  • It is also illegal to chew gum or smoke in
    public. Severe punishment will be given for
    these acts.

21
Iran
  • Fines, public floggings, and long prison terms
    are common. Former Muslims who have converted to
    other religions, as well as persons who encourage
    Muslims to convert, are subject to arrest and
    possible execution. Drinking, possession of
    alcoholic beverages and drugs, un-Islamic dress,
    as well as public displays of affection with a
    member of the opposite sex are considered to be
    crimes.

22
Ch. 1 Section 3- The First Empires
  • The Assyrian empire arose about 1,000 years after
    the rule of Hammurabi.
  • The Assyrian army was the first large army to use
    iron weapons. Thus, their weapons were stronger
    than those of copper and tin. They fought on
    horseback and used spears, daggers, bows and
    arrows, and chariots.
  • Assyrian Capital was Nineveh. (Jonah and the
    whale)

23
Assyrians
  • Empire was divided into provinces, which are
    political districts.
  • One of the first libraries was in Nineveh and
    held 25,000 tablets of stories and songs.
  • People began to rebel because of Assyrias cruel
    treatment. The Chaldeans rebelled and took
    control on Nineveh in 612 B.C.

24
The Chaldeans
  • Nebuchadnezzar was the king.
  • Descendents of Babylonians.
  • Rebuilt Babylon, which became center of the
    Chaldeans Empire.
  • Nebuchadnezzar ordered the Hanging Gardens to be
    built for his wife, who missed her green,
    mountainous homeland. The Hanging Gardens were
    on of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
    (See page 29)

25
The Chaldeans
  • Were merchants, artisans, and traders. Babylon
    was on a major trade route and profited from
    trade. Merchants would trade their items to
    passing caravans, groups of traveling merchants.
  • They studied the sky to understand the gods.
    Their astronomers mapped the stars, planets, and
    phases of the moon.
  • Eventually they lost control of their Empire to
    the Persians.

26
Discussion Question
  • What made Babylon the worlds richest city?
  • Being on a major trade route meant merchants and
    artisans benefited from trade. They city also
    had beautiful structures, such as the Hanging
    Gardens and the Ishtar Gate.

27
Ishtar Gate
King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon dedicated the
great Ishtar Gate to the goddess Ishtar. It was
the main entrance into Babylon. King
Nebuchadnezzar II performed elaborate building
projects in Babylon around 604-562 BC. His goal
was to beautify his capital.
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