Title: Chapter 1
1Chapter 1 The First Civilizations
- Early Humans
- Mesopotamian Civilization
- The First Empires
2Early Humans
- DID YOU KNOW? Scientists believe early humans
made tools from other materials besides stone.
They probably used wooden sticks to dig holes and
used bark from trees to make containers. Unlike
stone, these organic materials decay, so remnants
from the early humans are unavailable.
3Early Humans
- History is the story of humans in the past, and
historians are the people who study and write
about humans of the past. - Archaeologists hunt for evidence buried in the
ground. Anthropologists study how humans
developed and related to each other. - The early period of human history is called the
Stone Age. The earliest part of the Stone Age is
called the Paleolithic period.
4Early Humans- Paleolithic People
- Paleolithic people were nomads- traveling from
place to place to hunt and search for food. - Women cared for children, gathered berries, nuts,
and grains. - Men hunted using clubs, spears, traps, bows and
arrows. - Adapted to their environment. For example
Those in warm climates wore little clothing.
5Early Humans- Paleolithic People cont.
- Paleolithic people discovered fire
- Fire kept them warm, lit the darkness, scared off
wild animals, and allowed them to cook meat which
lasted longer.
6Early Humans- Ice Ages
- Ice Ages refer to long periods of extreme cold.
During the Ice Ages, thick sheets of ice covered
parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.
(Beringia)
7Early Humans- Paleolithic People
- Developed spoken language and expressed
themselves through art, which may have had
religious meaning. - Created tools such as spears and hand axes using
stone called flint
8Neolithic Times
- People began to domesticate, or tame animals,
during the Neolithic Age. Domesticated animals
carried goods and provided meat, milk, and wool. - People in different parts of the world began
growing crops about the same time. This is
referred to as the farming revolution. - SEE MAP ON PAGE 13
9Neolithic Times
- Because farmers needed to stay close to their
fields, they built permanent homes in villages.
Two of the oldest known villages are Jericho
(present day Israel and Jordan) and Catal Huyuk
(present day Turkey).
10Neolithic Times
- Permanent villages provided people with security
and steady food. The surplus food led to a
larger population. - Not all people in a village were farmers. Others
made pottery, mats, and cloth. They traded these
goods for things they didnt have. - People continued to create new technology. They
created better farming tools and began working
with metal, copper, bronze, and tin.
11OTZI THE ICEMAN
12Section 1 Discussion Question
- Why was farming important to the Neolithic
people? - Farming allowed people to settle in one place,
and it provided a steady food supply.
13Ch. 1 Section 2- Mesopotamian Civilization (pg.
16-23)
- Civilizations are complex societies with cities,
governments, art, religion, class divisions, and
a writing system. - Rivers were important because they made for good
farming conditions as well as made it easy for
people to travel and trade. - Governments were formed because someone had to
make plans and decisions for the common good.
14Mesopotamian Civilization
- Mesopotamia is a flat plain bounded by the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers. - Meso is Greek for middle.
- Mesopotamia is also referred to as the cradle of
civilization, fertile crescent, land between the
rivers.
15Mesopotamian Civilization
- Floods were frequent and unpredictable. Farmers
learned to control the rivers with dams and
channels. They also used the river to irrigate,
or water their crops. - Many cities formed in a southern region of
Mesopotamia known as Sumer. - Sumerian city-states had their own governments.
They often fought each other. To protect
themselves, city-states build walls around
themselves.
16Sumerians
- Believed in many gods. Each city-state had a
ziggurat, or a grand temple, to honor the gods. - Most were farmers but some were artisans, or
skilled workers. Others were merchants and
traders. - Sumerian city-states had three classes.
- Upper Class (kings, priests, gov. officials)
- Middle Class (artisans, merchants, fishers,
farmers) - Lower Class (slaves)
17A Skilled People
- Mesopotamia has been called the cradle of
civilization because of the influence of Sumerian
ideas on other areas - Sumerians developed a writing system called
cuneiform. Only a few people, called scribes,
learned to write. - Sumerians also produced the oldest known story,
the Epic of Gilgamesh. - Invented new technologies wagon wheel, sailboat,
and the plow. - Developed many mathematical ideas geometry,
number system based on 60, and a 12-month
calendar.
18Sargon and Hammurabi
- Sargon set up the worlds 1st Empire by conquering
all of Mesopotamia. He was the King of the
Akkadians. An Empire is a group of many
different lands under one ruler. - After Sargon, another group of people bacame
powerful. They built the city of Babylon on the
Euphrates River. - The Babylonian king, Hammurabi, conquered lands
north and south of Babylon to create the
Babylonian Empire.
19Hammurabi's Law Code
- The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of laws
covering crimes, farming, business activities,
and marriage and family. Many punishments in the
code were cruel, but the code was an important
step in the development of a justice system. - Read You Decide on pages 24,25.
20Singapore
- In Singapore, police can randomly select people
to test for drugs in their system. If found
guilty, the death penalty will be enacted. - It is also illegal to chew gum or smoke in
public. Severe punishment will be given for
these acts.
21Iran
- Fines, public floggings, and long prison terms
are common. Former Muslims who have converted to
other religions, as well as persons who encourage
Muslims to convert, are subject to arrest and
possible execution. Drinking, possession of
alcoholic beverages and drugs, un-Islamic dress,
as well as public displays of affection with a
member of the opposite sex are considered to be
crimes.
22Ch. 1 Section 3- The First Empires
- The Assyrian empire arose about 1,000 years after
the rule of Hammurabi. - The Assyrian army was the first large army to use
iron weapons. Thus, their weapons were stronger
than those of copper and tin. They fought on
horseback and used spears, daggers, bows and
arrows, and chariots. - Assyrian Capital was Nineveh. (Jonah and the
whale)
23Assyrians
- Empire was divided into provinces, which are
political districts. - One of the first libraries was in Nineveh and
held 25,000 tablets of stories and songs. - People began to rebel because of Assyrias cruel
treatment. The Chaldeans rebelled and took
control on Nineveh in 612 B.C.
24The Chaldeans
- Nebuchadnezzar was the king.
- Descendents of Babylonians.
- Rebuilt Babylon, which became center of the
Chaldeans Empire. - Nebuchadnezzar ordered the Hanging Gardens to be
built for his wife, who missed her green,
mountainous homeland. The Hanging Gardens were
on of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
(See page 29)
25The Chaldeans
- Were merchants, artisans, and traders. Babylon
was on a major trade route and profited from
trade. Merchants would trade their items to
passing caravans, groups of traveling merchants. - They studied the sky to understand the gods.
Their astronomers mapped the stars, planets, and
phases of the moon. - Eventually they lost control of their Empire to
the Persians.
26Discussion Question
- What made Babylon the worlds richest city?
- Being on a major trade route meant merchants and
artisans benefited from trade. They city also
had beautiful structures, such as the Hanging
Gardens and the Ishtar Gate.
27Ishtar Gate
King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon dedicated the
great Ishtar Gate to the goddess Ishtar. It was
the main entrance into Babylon. King
Nebuchadnezzar II performed elaborate building
projects in Babylon around 604-562 BC. His goal
was to beautify his capital.