12PDHPE

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12PDHPE

• Year in review

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Core 1

• Health of Australians

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Epidemiology

• Tells us major illnesses and causes of death,
  identify areas of need, determine priority areas,
  monitor use of health service
• Does not tell us explain why inequities exist,
  sociocultural impact on health, provide a
  holistic approach, does not focus on all
  components of health

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Health Care Responsibility
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Medicare

• Provides access to free treatment as a public
  patient in public hospital
• Subsidised treatment by medical practitioners
  e.g. GPs
• Increases equity and access to services for
  people of low SES
• Broad range of high quality health care provided
  including emergency health care
• Availability of bulk billing

BENEFITS
PBS?
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Private Health Insurance

• Choice of hospital services
• Health cover while overseas
• Private rooms in hospital where available
• Subsidised ancillary cover e.g. physiotherapy,
  chiropractic care
• Shorter waiting lists for surgery
• Decreased demand on public facilities
• Peace of mind

BENEFITS
Incentives?
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Priority Areas

• Are selected according to
• principles of social justice
• priority population groups
• prevalence of condition
• potential for prevention and early
  intervention
• costs to individuals and the community

SPP PIC
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Health Priority Areas

• Cardiovascular disease
• Cancer (Lung, Skin, Breast)
• Injury
• Mental health
• Diabetes mellitus
• Respiratory Disease Asthma

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9

• Leading cause of death
• Major cause of morbidity
• 1 in 6 Australians suffer

• 2 MILLION Australians diagnosed
• 1 in 10 adults
• 1 in 9 children

818, 200 Australians diagnosed with Type 2 and
its on the rise
ASTHMA
DIABETES
CVD
CANCER

• 20 of the population aged 16-85 reorted a mental
  disorder
• Anxiety 1

• Lung cancer most common cause of cancer death.
  10,193 cases diagnosed.
• Breast cancer most common cancer for woman, 13
  668 cases diagnosed
• Skin cancer account for 80 of diagnosed cancers

Accounts for 1 in 20 hospitalisations
MENTAL
INJURY
EXTENT
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Health Promotion

• Cardiovascular disease Swap it, dont stop it
• Cancer (Lung, Skin, Breast) Daffodil Day
• Injury (Motor Vehicle) Dont Rush campaign
• Mental health R U OK? Day September 11th
• Diabetes mellitus National Diabetes Week July
  10-16
• Respiratory Disease Asthma World Asthma Day
  May 1

WHY? Raise awareness. Teach skills. Encourage
medical check ups. Individuals make better
decisions
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Need to know

• Why they have been selected?
• Risk factors
• Protective factors

Balanced diet Regular exercise No smoking Limit
drinking Regular check ups
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Health Priority Populations

• Aboriginal Torres Strait Islanders
• Socioeconomically Disadvantaged
• Rural Remote
• Overseas Born People
• Elderly
• People with disabilties

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Need to be able
INEQUITIES THEY EXPERIENCE

• sociocultural determinants of health, including
  family, peers, media, religion and culture
• socioeconomic determinants of health, including
  employment, education and income
• environmental determinants of health, including
  geographical location, and access to health
  services and technology.
• Major issues illness diseases
• Health promotion

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Ottawa Charter

• Build healthy public policy
• Create supportive environments for health
• Strengthen community action for health
• Develop personal skills, and
• Reorient health services.

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Jarkarta Declaration?
Used as a checklist for health promotion to
evaluate and monitor Be able to relate to ANY HP
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Growing Ageing Population

• Growing migration
• Ageing less children, living longer
• Need to evaluate and adapt service to meet needs
• RETRAIN, INCREASE INFRASTRUCTURE, VOLUNTEERS
• EXAMPLES??

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Core 2

• Factors Affecting Performance

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Energy Systems
WITHOUT OXYGEN

• ATP-PC
• LACTIC ACID SYSTEM
• AEROBIC

WITH OXYGEN

• Duration
• Fuel Source
• Cause of Fatigue
• By-Product
• Recovery
• Example of activity

Need to know
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NRG Extras

• Pyruvic Acid Glycolysis breakdowns carbohydrates
  into pyruvic acid and results in a the production
  of two ATP molecules.
• Krebs Cycle 2nd phase of aerobic metabolism.
  That further breakdown pyruvic acid into acetyl
  Cozyme A a cataylst which produce 2 ATP
  molecules and by products C02 (exhaled by lungs)
  and Hydrogen which
• Eletctron Transport System a series of chemical
  reactions that combines H molecules produced
  sufficient energy to power resynthesis of ATP.

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Types of training

• 4 types of training (and training methods)
• Aerobic (continuous, fartlek, aerobic interval,
  circuit)
• Anaerobic (anaerobic interval)
• Flexibility (static, ballistic, PNF, Dynamic)
• Strength (isometric, isotonic, isokinetic)

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Principles of Training
Principles of Training
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Progressive Overload The principle of progressive
overload implies that a training effect is
produced when the system or tissue is worked at a
greater level that it is normally accustomed to
working
Reversibility Principal of training states that
the effects of training are reversible
Warm up Cool down Warming up and cooling down
are important components of all training and
performance sessions. The warm up aims to prepare
the body in readiness for the activity
Principles of Training
Training Threshold The principle of training
thresholds relates to levels of exercise
intensity that are sufficient to produce a
training effect.
Variety The principle of variety states that
athletes need to be challenged by not only the
activity but also by the implementation of the
activities
Specificity
The principle of specificity implies that the
greatest gains are made when activity in the
training program replicates the movements in the
game or activity.
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Physiological Adaptations/Response to Training

• Heart Rate
• Resting Heart Rate
• Stroke Volume
• Cardiac Output
• Oxygen Uptake
• Lung Capacity
• Haemoglobin Levels
• Muscle Hypertrophy
• Fast vs Slow Twitch Fibres

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What you need to be able to do

• Relate

Types of Training
Principles of Training
Physiological Adaptations
GIVE EXAMPLES OF ACTUAL ACTIVITIES
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Motivation

• Positive vs Negative
• Internal vs External

Know examples, definitions
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Anxiety Arousal

• Trait Anxiety is a persons general level of
  anxiety linked to daily living.
• State Anxiety is situational, it relates to how a
  person responds to a certain situation.
• Arousal is a specific level of anxiety and can be
  experienced prior to and during performance.

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Inverted U

• A Under-aroused
• Performance may suffer from factors such as lack
  of motivation, disinterest, poor concentration
  and inability to cope with distractions.
• B Optimal arousal
• Balance between level of motivation and ability
  to control muscular tension, which could be
  increasing as a result of the desire to perform
  well.
• C Over-arousal
• Feelings characterised by anxiousness and
  apprehension, resulting in excessive concern
  about performance. Increased muscle tension,
  possible mental confusion as individual tries to
  process messages during skill execution,
  resulting in poor performance.

Easier activities or activities using more
muscle groups require a higher arousal level that
needs to be sustained for length of activity
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Factors that impact arousal

• Factors that impact arousal
• Self-expectation how the individual expects to
  perform
• Expectation by others how a person perceives
  others, such as their coach or parents, expects
  them to perform
• Experience which determines how the individual
  handles the increased pressure at higher levels
  of competition
• Financial pressures such as whether the
  individual's livelihood depends on their
  performance
• Level of competition whether the individual is
  playing a round or a final
• Degree of difficulty with higher levels of
  arousal generally being associated with more
  difficult tasks
• Skills finesse fine motor skills (for example,
  shooting and balancing) generating higher levels
  of arousal than produced by gross motor skills
  (for example, running).

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Managing Anxiety Techniques

• Relaxation
• Concentration
• Visualisation
• Self-Talk

Know examples how they work
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Nutrition

• PRE
• Balanced diet
• Hydration
• Carb loading
• Tapering

• DURING
• Hydrate
• Light meals
• Carbs glycogen
• Avoid salt/high fat

• POST
• Proactive recovery
• Refuel
• Rehydrate
• Active rest

KNOW AMOUNTS EXAMPLES OF FOODS
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Supplements

• Sufficient amount from a balanced and varied diet
  but can IMPROVE PERFORMANCE
• Vitamins/Minerals eg. Iron/Calcium maximises
  haemoglobin (energy)/ strengthen bones
• Protein assists recovery/ builds muscle
• Creatine maximises energy for power movements,
  improves resynthesises of ATP
• Caffeine increase concentration, metabolises
  fat. Improves aerobic anaerobic function

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Recovery

• The ability to recover after competition and
  training is essential in ensuring that optimal
  performances can be maintained.
• Physiological strategies remove by-products eg.
  cool-down, refuel
• Neural Strategies replenish nervous system eg.
  hydrotherapy, massage
• Tissue Damage Strategies aim to minmise tissue
  damage promote healing eg. Crynotherapy (ice
  bath), hot/cold immersion
• Psychological Strategies disengage the athlete
  from performance to reduce anxiety eg.
  relaxation, meditation

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Skill Acquisition

• Cognitive
• Associative
• Autonomous

KNOW CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH TYPES OF PRACTICE
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Nature of Skill

• Open vs Closed skills
• Gross vs Fine
• Discrete, serial, continuous
• Self paced vs externally paced

Be able to classify specific sport skills
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Practice Methods

• Massed practice is preferable for
• highly skilled performers
• highly motivated performers.
• Distributed practice is preferable for
• the novice
• in situations where energy demands are high
• when the task is difficult or boring.

FOR TRAINING SESSIONS
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Practice Methods

• Whole method
• practising a skill in its entirety
• eg. softball serve
• Part methodis preferable for
• breaking the skill in to sub-skills and
  teaching parts individually before bringing it
  togethers eg. volleyball serve

FOR TEACHING SKILLS
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FEEDBACK

• Feedback provides information about the
  performance that allows the learner to adjust and
  improve or continue efficient performance.
• PURPOSE
• reinforcing the correct or desired response
• motivating the performer to improve or maintain
  the performance
• correcting the action as a result of information
  received about the errors.

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TYPES OF FEEDBACK

• Internal (come from individual) vs External
  (comes from external source)
• Concurrent (during performance) vs Delayed (after
  performance)
• Knowledge of Results (numbers) vs Knowledge of
  Performance (looks)

KNOW EXAMPLES, WHEN TO USE MOST EFFECTIVE,
TYPES OF LEARNERS
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Characteristics of skilled performer

• Kinesthetic Sense
• Anticipation
• Consistency
• Technique
• Mental Approach/Confidence

TACCK
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Objective vs Subjective Performance methods

• Objective performance measures are those that
  involve an impartial measurement, that is,
  without bias or prejudice. Eg. stopwatch,
  criteria
• Subjective performance measures are influenced by
  the observer's personal judgment of how the skill
  was performed eg. judges
• High jump measurements are highly objective
  whereas appraising sports like karate require
  interpretation of special rules thus subjective

Recognise tests/results/evaluations as either
subjective or objective
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You can make them more objective

• measurement systems - electronic timers or
  touchpads
• checklists - that list elements required in the
  performance e.g. style and technical components
• rating scales - a degree-of-difficulty sheet that
  provides a marking scale for movements
• established criteria - a set of rules, procedures
  or guidelines of how to assess the performance.

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TESTS MUST BE

• VALID AND RELIABLE
• Validity refers to a test's ability to measure
  what it is meant to. The validity of a test can
  be reinforced by comparing the results with
  expected values or standards tables.
• Reliability refers to the ability of a test to
  reproduce similar results when conducted in
  similar situations and conditions. Reliability in
  testing can be improved by the use of similar
  procedures, conditions and equipment as
  originally prescribed

KNOW TYPES OF TESTS BE ABLE TO JUSTIFY
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Personal vs Prescribed Criteria

• A personal judging criterion involves the judge
  using their ideas, feelings, opinions,
  expectations and experiences to make an
  assessment of a performance. The assessment is
  not based on data, but rather the judges' view
  and is frequently used such as when coaches
  select teams. This method of assessment is often
  totally subjective and is open to discrepancy and
  criticism.
• Prescribed judging criteria uses a set of
  guidelines or checklist established by a
  governing body of that sport. The more rigorous
  the criteria, and the more competent the judges
  in applying the criteria, the more objective is
  the appraisal

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Option 4

• Improving Performance

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Training to improve performance

• Aerobic uses aerobic system/endurance
• Anaerobic uses anaerobic system/power
• Strength increase muscle hypertrophy
• Flexibility increase range of movement

Be able to compare TWO Benefits How to apply
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How to prescribe training?

• AEROBIC
• FITT principle
• 85 of Max HR
• Max HR 220-age

• STRENGTH
• Reason for training develop strength, tone or
  rehab
• Heavy weight less reps
• Lighter weight more reps

APPLY PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING SAFETY MEASURES
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Training adaptation

• Formal testing can be used to determine actual
  improvements. The multistage fitness test can be
  used to assess aerobic fitness. Also the coach
  will monitor the athlete in training sessions and
  compare with previous results.
• The use of cards or charts to record each of the
  variables involved. It can be e?ective to use a
  heart rate monitor as the rest periods would
  allow the work intensity to be recorded.

KNOW SKILL RELATED TESTS HEALTH RELATED TESTS HOW
THEY WORK/DESCRIBE
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Training Year

• Phases of competition (pre-season, season and off
  season phases
• Sub phases (macro and micro cycles)
• Peaking
• Tapering
• Sport-specific sub phases (fitness, components,
  skill requirements)

• HOW TO APPLY
• BENEFITS
• WHY DO IT

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ELEMENTS WHEN DESIGNING A TRAINING SESSION/PROGRAM

• Health Safety Conditions ensure safety of
  athlete
• Overview of session Understanding the breakdown/
  expectations
• Warm up/cool down Prevent injury
• Skill instruction/practice focus on
  specifics/game/strategy
• Conditioning fitness
• Evaluation feedback/ areas to work on

GIVE EXAMPLES
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Overtraining

• Session too long, too frequent
• Too strenuous
• Excess competition
• Inadequate recovery

HOW TO COMBAT THIS?
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Physiological Symptoms of Overtraining
elevated resting pulse/heart rate
frequent minor infections and increased susceptibility to colds and flu's
increases in minor injuries
chronic muscle soreness or joint pain
exhaustion
lethargy
weight loss and appetite loss
insatiable thirst or dehydration
intolerance to exercise
decreased performance
delayed recovery from exercise.
HOW TO COMBAT THIS?
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Ethical Issues Drugs
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Testing
Benefits Limitations
Drug-testing procedures are highly sophisticated and reliable People who manufacture and use banned substances or practices are often able to stay ahead of testing procedures by authorities
Drug testing involves the testing of urine of athletes. This can be done randomly in bulk (large number of athletes at once) according to their ?nishing positions Athletes may suggest a test is unfair because the athletes themselves are responsible for knowing what is banned, despite the fact that additions are made almost daily to the list of banned substances.
The drug tests are designed to detect and deter abuse of performance enhancing drugs by competitors. For many people, being observed while giving a urine sample is not a comfortable situation. The testing procedure can be further complicated if the athlete involved has been taking part in an endurance sport and is dehydrated and therefore unable to comply.
Bene?ts the athletes by promoting good health above the desire to win at all costs Drug manufacturers are constantly researching new and improved drugs that are less detectable
Drug testing is no longer restricted to being done at competitions but is now carried out year round, with random tests occurring any time, any place Other drugs occur as natural substances in the body and so tests for them may lack validity
Recent developments in terms of blood testing and the requirement that manufacturers place certain markers in drugs may prove to be of bene?t to sporting authorities.
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Ethical Issues Drugs

• Know types of drugs and purpose
• Be able to criticise
• Give solutions

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Ethical Issues Technology

• USES
• Training innovation can assist in performance
  at training, and also competition. Tackle suits
  in football training decreased impact in tackles
  at training. Sprinting sleds resistance behind
  the athlete, which helps to increase stride
  length (key component of sprinting).
• Video analysis of performance applied in a
  range of coaching, viewing, and performance
  appraisal situations. Video allows analysis of
  player movements, strategies, and techniques,
  which can be used to improve performance,
  improve visualization, establish biomechanical
  efficiency, and analyses strategy.
• Data gathering and analysis increased
  professionalism has made this important to both
  performance and improvement. Biomechanical
  analysis

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Ethical Issues Technology

• Cost unfair playing field, access
• Diminishes competition is it the technology or
  the individual
• Constantly developing hard to keep up
• Training for coaches to keep up-to-date,
  understand

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Option 3

• Sports Medicine

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Classify Manage

• Soft Tissue Injuries
• Tears, Sprains, Contusion,
• Skin Abrasion, Lacerations, Blisters
• Inflammatory Response
• RICER immediate treatment

• Direct vs Indirect
• Soft vs Hard
• Overuse

• Assessment of Injuries
• TOTAPS
• For both hard or soft tissue injury, the decided
  on action

• Hard Tissue Injuries
• Fractures
• Dislocation
• Immobilisation DRABCD

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Responses

• RICER
• Reduce swelling, prevent further damage ease
  pain
• aka RICED

• Inflammatory response
• Your bodys initial mechanism of tissue repair
• Blood fluid flood to the injured site, causing
  pain inflammation but starts repair process
• Managed by RICER

• DRABCD
• Immobilise area!!
• first then follow DRABCD

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Specific Athletes

• Know how to
• Recognise signs symptoms
• Management strategies

• Children Young Athletes
• ASTHMA..diabetes, epilepsy
• Overuse injury
• Thermoregulation
• Resistance training (strength training)

• Aged Athletes
• Heart Conditions
• Fractures/Bone density
• Flexibility/Joint Mobility

• Female Athletes
• Eating disorders
• Iron deficiency
• Bone density
• Pregnancy

IF YOU GO BLANK SEEK MEDICAL CLEARANCE
MONITOR ATHLETE
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Enhancing wellbeing of athlete
Know how to apply/justify examples

• Environmental Considerations
• Temperature regulation (biological response
  support methods)
• Climatic considerations
• Guidelines for fluid intake
• Acclimatisation

• Physical Preparation
• Prescreening
• Skill Technique
• Physical fitness
• Warm up, stretching cool down

• Taping and Bandaging
• Preventative taping
• Taping for isolation of injury
• Immediate treatment

• Sports Policy Environment
• Rules
• Modified rules
• Matching opponents
• Protective equipment
• Safe grounds, facilities equipment

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Tape it

• Preventative taping
• Reduce severity
• Overuse injury
• Thermoregulation
• Resistance training (strength training)
• Example
• Most common - knee

• Isolation
• Post Injury
• Limit movement
• Prevent further damage
• Restrict swelling
• Ease pain
• Example Most common Thumb wrist

• Treatment
• Reduce swelling
• Support a joint/muscle
• Restrict movement
• Example
• Most common - ankle

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Injury Rehabilitation
Be able to justify use apply.

• Rehabilitation Procedures

• Return to play

• Progressive mobilisation
• Graduated exercise
• Training
• Use of heat and cold

• Indicators (pain free, mobility)
• Monitoring (pre post test)
• Psychological readiness
• Specific warm up
• Ethical considerations

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Ethical considerations

• Pressure to participate

• Use of painkillers

• Athlete as a commodity
• Financial pressure
• Team/Coach pressure
• Take a huge risk to return before ready

• Only mask pain
• Cause further damage
• Use of drugs in sport