SOUTH AFRICA and APARTHEID

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SOUTH AFRICA and APARTHEID
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South AfricaMost developed and wealthiest nation
in Africa
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Quick Early History

• Europeans came in 1600s (Dutch, Germans, French)
  and came to be known as Afrikaners or Boers .
  They claimed more more African land by treaty
  and by force.
• In late 1800s gold was discovered and more
  people, especially the British, arrived.
• Friction developed and the British asserted more
  control Boer war --gt British rule 1902.
• In 1961, South Africa achieved independence from
  Britain, but not from white domination.
• 1950-1980 economy grew VERY fast WHY?
• 1. Coal 2. Money to invest
  
• 3. Connections with Europe
• 4. African cheap labor

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Beginnings of Apartheid

• In 1948, the white minority government instituted
  a policy of apartheid or complete separation of
  the races.
• It banned social contact between blacks and
  whites and established segregated schools,
  hospitals, and neighborhoods.
• Although the blacks made up 70 of the
  population, they received only a small amount of
  the land, keeping the best land for the whites.

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Apartheid laws determined

• Where you could live
• Whom you could marry
• Whom you could do business with
• Restricted land ownership
• Police powers including arresting people without
  a trial
• Restriction of movement had to have passes
• Regulation of living conditions, separate
  entrances for non whites
• Regulation of pay and types of jobs for blacks
• Lack of recognition for black labor unions
• Denied any representation of nonwhites in the
  national government

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Many white and black South Africans fought
apartheid through peaceful protest but the well
armed South African army responded with deadly
force.
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Government Racial Categories

• European British and Dutch descent
• African various African ethnic groups
• Asian mostly of Indian descent
• Colored mixed race groups

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Europeans

• Whites dominated government, industry,
  agriculture, education, the military and the
  press
• 17 of the population yet owned 87 of land
• White Society wealth and luxury, highest
  standard of living in Africa, attempted to
  recreate European society in their cities

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Asians and Coloreds

• 13 population
• Skilled jobs, secondary education
• Marriage illegal until 1980s
• 1980s right to vote

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Africans

• 70 population
• Could not vote, little education, menial jobs
• Passbooks
• 1958 forced to live on reserves (homelands)
• Reserves 13 South Africas land. Poor land,
  limited farming, few facilities such as
  factories, modern roads, schools and hospitals
• Black Society poverty, struggling each day to
  feed their families, denied education, housing,
  and high-paying jobs

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• Black Men live apart from families for as
  much as 11 months of each year
• Black Women domestic servants in houses owned
  by white people
• Blacks illegally squatted in shanty towns on
  the outskirts of white cities

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Resistance

• In 1912, the blacks founded the African National
  Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights.
• Resistance Movement civil disobedience,
  strikes, boycotts, and nonviolent demonstrations

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Resistance

• In 1949, Nelson Mandela emerged as one of the
  leaders of the ANC and he led the struggle to end
  apartheid that resulted in his being imprisoned.

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Soweto (SOuth WEstern TOwnship)on the outskirts
of Johannesburg. It is the largest black urban
centre in the country and was the centre of
resistance against Apartheid during the 70's and
80's.
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1976 Soweto

• On June 16, 1976, students left school in Soweto
  and other areas to protest the requirement to
  learn Afrikaans, replacing English, in the
  sub-standard Bantu education system.
• English was seen as a language of freedom,
  connecting Africans to the larger world, while
  Afrikaans, a South African variety of Dutch, was
  seen as the language of the oppressor state, the
  then ruling National Party.

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• Police opened fire on the students, killing first
  a young boy.

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• It took the government more than 12 months to
  contain the unrest which began on June 16 1976.
  More than 500 people were killed and more than
  2,000 were injured during the uprising which
  followed. Political meetings were banned, and
  armed police patrolled the streets of Soweto.
  Student leaders sought sanctuary at a nearby
  church.Regina Mundy church was a haven. The
  police were not allowed to enter its doors. But
  instead they fired bullets and tear gas through
  the windows.

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• This unfortunate series of events lead to 14
  years of unremitting violence in the country.

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• Soon after the uprising, Nelson Mandela got
  involved. After witnessing and reading of the
  killings in Soweto, Mandela (head of ANC) began
  using violence to get his point of black equality
  across. The Africa National Congress now adopted
  the idea of terrorism as a means to their end.

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International Pressure

• By the 1980s, nations around the world pressured
  South Africa to end apartheid.
• So what could the rest of the world do?
• Its another independent country- what can
  be done?

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SanctionsActions that punish a country

• No investments
• No buying their products
• No trade
• Banned from Olympics
• Air travel restrictions
• Sanctions were costing them 2 Billion per year!

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Apartheid Ends

• In 1989 Mr. DeKlerk became prime minister, and
  started making changes, even though he was under
  a lot of pressure not to.
• He released Nelson Mandela who had been in prison
  20 years for protesting Apartheid.
• 1990-91 all Apartheid laws were removed

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Nobel Peace Prize

• In 1993 DeKlerk and Mandela were given the
  Nobel Peace prize for their work in bringing an
  end to Apartheid.

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Majority Rule

• An election that involved members of all races
  took place in 1994, making Nelson Mandela the
  first black President of South Africa.
• de Klerk is sworn in as deputy president.

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DeKlerk Mandela
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Lingering Problems

• The policy of apartheid has hurt the economy of
  South Africa.
• Many countries imposed sanctions to not do
  business with or invest in South Africa during
  apartheid.
• Apartheid led to poor education of blacks,
  creating an uneducated mass of young people.