Writing Styles

1
Writing Styles

• APA
• (American Psychological Association)
• MLA
• (Modern Language Association)

2
Order of Pages
General Formatting







Use Times New Roman 12-point.
Title page
Abstract
Leave one-inch margins all around.
Double space everything.
Body of paper
Left justify the text.
References
Tables
Disable hyphen help at line breaks.
Figures
Tab paragraphs at one-half inch.
Leave one space after commas, colons, and some
periods. Exception Leave two spaces at end of
sentence, no space in abbreviations.
Appendices
3
Title Page

• Type the title centered horizontally in upper
  half of page

• Use same font as body of paper

• For two line title break at a meaningful point

• Center your name one double space under the title

• Center name of institution one double space under
  your name

• Use Running Head left justified, page number
  right justified

• Author Note section can be place at the bottom,
  but is not required

4
Abstract Page

• Starts on a separate page

• Shortened title in header with page number

• The word Abstract centered at top of page

• Double spaced and left justified

5
Body

• Starts on a separate page

• Full title centered at top

• Everything double spaced

• Tab paragraphs at one-half inch

6
References in the Body
(Carmona, 2004)
(Yanovski Yanovski, 2002, p. 592)
Berkowitz et al. (2003)
(McDuffie et al., 2002, p. 646)
(Hoppin Taveras, 2004, Conclusion section, para. 1)
As journalist Greg Critser (2003) noted in his book Fat Land
(Hoppin Taveras, 2004, Weight-Loss Drugs section, para. 6)
7
More Body Reference Details

• Use the ampersand in parentheses and the word and
  in the text.
• It was a nice day (Weatherson Sunshine, 2008)
• Weatherson and Sunshine (2008)

• Use commas only for three or more authors
• (Sleet, Hail, Snow,  Rain, 2009)

• (Weatherson  Sunshine, 2008)

• (Hoppin Taveras, 2004, Weight-Loss Drugs
  section, para. 6)

8
Reference Page

• Starts on a separate page

• Label as References centered at top

• Alphabatize by authors last name

• Use hanging indent

• If you read only one chapter of a book you must
  list only that chapter

• Never type authors first or middle name

• Leave one space after all commas and periods

9
Next is MLA Formatting
10
MLA Formatting

• Use Times New Roman 12-point

• Double space everything

• Leave one space after all commas

• Leave one or two spaces after concluding
  punctuation, but be consistent

• Header contains your name and page number, right
  justified

• Your name, instructors name, course number and
  date left justified at top of first page

• Title is centered

11
MLA Order of Content

• The first paragraph is your introduction

• The thesis statement usually is the last sentence
  of the introduction

• Continue with the body of your paper

• Notes, if needed, begins a new page

• Works Cited, begins a new page

12
MLA In-Text Citations

• Parenthetical, preferred, more streamline

• For one source by an author, use authors last
  name and page number with a space between (Smith
  62)

• If you mentioned the authors name in your text
  then just use the page number (62)

• For more than one source by an author, include
  one or two key words from the title

• (Poe, Usher, 236). or (Poe, Black Cat, 52).

• Concluding punctuation comes after the citation

• If block quote is use then citation follows the
  punctuation separated by one space

13
MLA Block Quote



Perhaps it would be well, if some institution
were devised, and supported at the expense of the
State, which would be so organized as would tend
most effectually to produce a due degree of
emulation among Farmers, by rewards and honorary
distinctions conferred by those who, by their
successful experimental efforts and improvements,
should render themselves duly entitled to them.
(Allen 92)

• Indented 10 spaces from left margin

• Do not use quotation marks

14
Citing Works with More than one Author

• Separate two authors with the word and

• (DeNitto and Herman 50)

• Separate three authors with commas and the word
  and

• (Madison, Hamilton, and Jay 87)

• If four or more authors use et al

• (Bellah et al. 19)

• Works with volume and page number
• (Emerson 3 211)

15
Notes

• Endnotes or Footnotes

• Endnotes listed on new page

• Titled as Notes, double spaced, each entry
  indented 5 spaces

• Footnotes listed at bottom of page where
  reference is located

• Footnotes are double spaced and justified left

• Many word processors automatically format your
  footnotes for you

16
Works Cited

• Starts new last page

• Titled Works Cited, centered at top

• Alphabetical entries by authors last name

• Double spaced with hanging indent for each entry

• No additional space between entries

• Every source listed must have in-text reference

• Use authors last name, comma, first name

17
Works Cited continued

• For two or three authors, separate with commas
  and the word and

• Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner.

• Levitt, Steven D., Joe W. Smith, and Stephen J.
  Dubner.

• Four or more authors use first author and et al

• Levitt, Steven D., et al.

• Use italics for book titles

• Bellah, Robert N., et al. Habits of the Heart
  Individualism and Commitment in American Life.

18
Example Works Cited
Smith 13 Works Cited Allen, R.L. The American Farm Book or Compend of American Agriculture Being a Practical Treatise on Soils, Manures, Draining, Irrigation, Grasses, Grain, Roots, Fruits, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar Cane, Rice, and Every Staple Product of the United States with the Best Methods of Planting, Cultivating, and Preparation for Market. New York Saxton, 1849. Print. Baker, Gladys L., Wayne D. Rasmussen, Vivian Wiser, and Jane M. Porter. Century of Service The First 100 Years of the United States Department of Agriculture. Federal Government, 1996. Print. Danhof, Clarence H. Change in Agriculture The Northern United States, 1820-1870. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1969. Print.
19
Thank You







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