SOL

1

• SOLs addressed in this unit
• WHI.3 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
  ancient river valley civilizations, including
  those of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River
  Valley, and China and the civilization of the
  Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Nubians, by
• Locating these civilizations in time and place,
• Describing the development of social, political,
  and economic patterns, including slavery,
• Explaining the development of religious
  traditions,
• Describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, and
  spread of Judaism, and
• Explaining the development of language and
  writing.

2
Instructions

• Anything in red (STOP and pay close attention) is
  critical information and should be copied
  exactly.
• Anything written in yellow (slow down and pay
  attention) is useful information. You should
  write it in your notes like a text message.
• Anything in green (go on to the next point) you
  do not have to write.
• Any time you see a video with no text it is your
  responsibility to write notes for it.

3
Egypt

• Land of the Pharaohs

4
Egypt

• Civilization begins c. 3500 B.C.E.
• What does the c. mean?
• What about B.C.E.?
• Nile River and Nile Delta in Africa
• A delta is where a river empties into a larger
  body of water in a triangular pattern

Circa or about
Before Common Era
5
Egypt

• Cairo is the current capital
• Ancient capitals were Memphis, Amarna, and Thebes.

6
Egypt

• The Nile Delta was where the Hebrews settled
  during the time of Joseph (aka land of Goshen).

7
Ya, so what?

• Why settle along a river?
• Because it gave them a fresh water source
• It provided some protection
• It was good farmland.

8
Detour!

• Places

• Peoples

or

• Using the map provided, locate and label the
  following locations
• Thebes
• Giza
• Nile River
• Nubia
• Red Sea
• Libyan Desert
• Mediterranean Sea
• Palestine
• Memphis
• Lower Egypt

• Using the map provided, locate and label the
  following groups
• Phoenicians
• Egyptians
• Palestinians
• Assyrians
• Persians
• Nubians
• Hittites

9
Education

• People who were literate were held in a special
  place of honor.
• What does literate mean?
• A person who could read or write

10
Education

• In the Old Kingdom, fathers would teach their
  sons
• In the Middle Kingdom, schools similar to
  vocational schools today were set up.

11
Religion

• Egyptians were polytheistic
• Worshipped many gods
• They saw their gods as beneficial and good
• Contrast that to the Sumerian gods who were cruel
  and harsh.

12
Religious Symbols
13
Mummification

• Mummification
• Much of the religion was focused on the
  after-life
• Mummification was a process used to preserve the
  body in preparation for the after-life.

14

• Statuettes and canopic jars were for the mummy to
  use in the after-life.

15
Egyptian Government

• Originally had 2 kingdoms
• Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the
  north
• United c. 3200 BC by King Menes
• Created a dynasty (hereditary family rule)

16
Egyptian Government

• 4 political periods in Egypt
• Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and
  Late Period.

17
The Old Kingdom

• Old Kingdom was from c. 2650 2180 BCE
• Why are the dates backwards?
• Pharaoh (king) was now a god-king
• Stratification of society
• Kings, royal family, priests, nobles, and
  peasants
• Old Kingdom was destroyed by civil wars
• The nobles rose up against the Pharaoh.

18
Circle of Civilization
Apex (height or Golden Age)
Decline
Rise
Fall
19
The Middle Kingdom

• c. 2040 1760 BCE
• This was a time of major contributions to art and
  literature
• Dynasty fell due to civil wars again!

20
The New Kingdom

• c. 1570 1070 BCE
• Was the peak of Egyptian power
• Pharaohs included Ahmose, Hatshepsut, Akhenaton,
  and Tutankhamen.

21
The Late Period

• c. 664 323 BCE
• During this time period, Egypt was ruled by
  native Egyptians, Persians, and, finally, by
  Alexander the Great
• Death of a once great empire.

22
Technology

• Technological advances were seen especially in
  art and architecture during the Egyptian
  Kingdoms.
• The Great Sphinx was constructed c. 2500 BCE, but
  no one knows for sure
• Nobody really knows what the purpose of the
  Sphinx was either. Archaeologists speculate that
  it may have been a temple or object of worship to
  the sun god Ra or even the pharaoh.

23
The Great Sphinx
24
The Pyramids

• Supposedly, the first pyramids were called step
  pyramids
• The architect that first designed them (as far as
  we know) was Imhotep.

25
The Pyramids

• Imhotep
• Architect of the pyramids in Egypt
• Was deified after his death
• What does deified mean?
• Worshipped as a god
• You may remember him from The Mummy

26
The Pyramids

• Giza is where a number of pyramids and other
  structures are found.

27
The Pyramids

• Then the other pyramids were constructed as the
  later architects improved the design
• The pyramids were designed to be tombs for the
  pharaohs to protect their bodies in preparation
  for the after-life
• In later years, the pyramids and other buildings
  were constructed by Hebrew slaves.

28
The Pyramids

• Many of the pyramids have dead ends and traps to
  protect the pharaohs from looters
• They also have star observatories for use by the
  pharaoh in the after-life.

29
Temple of Ra
30
Trade

• Merchants would trade with other countries
  including Israel, Sumer, Akkad, Phoenicia, and
  Nubia
• Greater trade required more skilled workers and
  specialization
• Means people work at only one job instead of many.

31
The Civilizations of the Levant

• Phoenicians
• They lived on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea
• Sailors and merchants
• Out of necessity, they developed an alphabet for
  accounts and letters of credit.

32
The Civilizations of the Levant

• Israel
• People called Jews/Hebrews
• Were monotheistic
• This means?
• Their holy book was the Torah
• This is the ____________ of Christianity.

Old Testament
33
The Civilizations of the Levant

• Abram (Abraham)
• Came from Ur of the Chaldees (along the Euphrates
  River)
• Led his family and followers to the Promised
  Land
• 2 sons Isaac and Ishmael.

34
The Civilizations of the Levant

• Joseph
• Had brothers that didnt like him
• Sold into slavery in Egypt
• Ended up being vice-pharaoh during the reign of
  the Hyksos
• Helped family in Israel to settle in Goshen,
  Egypt.

35
The Civilizations of the Levant

• Moses
• Led Hebrews out of Egypt
• Delivered the Ten Commandments.

36
The Civilizations of the Levant

• Ark of the Covenant
• Stored manna and the 10 Commandments
• Was carried in front of the armies of Israel
• Was eventually lostuntil

37
The Civilizations of the Levant

• Samson
• One of the judges (before kings of Israel)

38
Israel

• Made their capital in Jerusalem
• Built Solomons Temple (c. 1000 BCE)
• All that is left is the Western (Wailing) Wall.

39
The Civilizations of the Levant

• After the time of the kings, Israel was overrun
  by the Babylonians
• The Diaspora (scattering) of the people of
  Israel spread Judaism to various parts of the
  known world.

40
Nubia

• Settled in the region of Upper Egypt
• What part of the Nile River is this?
• North?
• South?
• East?
• West?
• The answer is __________________.

B. South
41
Review

1. River civilizations provided benefits for
   settlers and cities
2. Writing evolved from pictographs to letters
3. Agriculture continued to grow
4. Most civilizations were polytheistic.

42
Review

1. Written laws came into being
2. This is the region of the Old Testament
3. Know the vocabulary from the Word Wall online.