Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in Atlantic World, 1750-1850

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Chapter 21 Revolutionary Changes in Atlantic
World, 1750-1850
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Essential Question

• How did the costs of imperial wars the
  Enlightenment challenge established political
  structures forms of governance religion in
  Europe the American colonies?

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Prelude to Revolution Eighteenth-Century Crisis

• European rivalries increased
• Dutch attacked Spanish Portuguese in Americas
  Asia
• Britain
• checked Dutch commercial colonial ambitions
• defeated France-Seven Years War (17561763)
• French Indian War in N. America
• took over French colonial possessions in
  Americas India
• Huge costs drove them to seek new revenue
• Enlightenment inspired people to question
  protest new ways of collecting revenue

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The Enlightenment the Old Order

• Enlightenment thinkers applied methods
  questions of Scientific Revolution to study of
  human society

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Enlightenment Old Order

• Enlightenment encouraged reform, not revolution
• Women were instrumental
• New ideas attracted expanding middle class
• Americas viewed as new, uncorrupted- progress
  would come more quickly
• Benjamin Franklin was symbol of natural genius
  potential of America

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Folk Cultures Popular Protest

• Most people didnt support Enlightenment ideas
• tax reforms, etc. were violations of sacred
  customs
• violent protests meant to restore
  custom/precedent, not revolutionary change

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American Revolution, 17751800

• After French defeat in 1763, British faced two
  problems
• Conflict between settlers Amerindians
• need to pay debts defend colonies
• provoked protests in colonies
• policies undermined Amerindian economy
• led to attempts to restrict settlement
• Proclamation of 1763
• Quebec Act of 1774

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Road to Independence

• British government tried to raise new revenue
• Stamp Act of 1765
• Colonists organized boycotts, staged violent
  protests, and attacked British officials
• Boston Massacre
• East India Company granted monopoly on import of
  tea to the colonies
• Boston Tea Party

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Course of Revolution, 17751783

• Continental Congress formed
• Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense
  Declaration of Independence
• Military sent to pacify colonies
• won most battles
• unable to control countryside
• unable to achieve compromise political solution
  to problems of colonies

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Course of Revolution, 17751783

• Amerindians allies to both sides
• France entered war as ally of US in 1778
• Crucial to success
• naval support enabled Washington to defeat
  Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia
• Treaty of Paris (1783), gave unconditional
  independence to former colonies

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Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800

• colonies drafted written constitutions
• Articles of Confederation served as constitution
  for US during after war
• democratic but only minority of adult male
  population could vote
• protected slavery

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French Revolution, 17891815

• Clergy/nobility controlled most wealth
• Clergy exempt from taxes
• Third Estate, rapidly growing, wealthy middle
  class (bourgeoisie)
• peasants (80 of population), suffered -poor
  harvests
• violent protests-not revolutionary
• expensive wars drove France into debt
• kings introduced new taxes fiscal reforms to
  increase revenue
• met with resistance

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Protest Turns to Revolution, 17891792

• King called Estates General for approval of new
  taxes
• Third Estate some members of First Estate
  declared National Assembly-pledged to write
  constitution to incorporate popular sovereignty
• As king prepared to arrest members of National
  Assembly, common people of Paris rose up against
  government-peasant uprisings broke out in
  countryside
• National Assembly issued Declaration of the
  Rights of Man
• As economic crisis grew worse, Parisian market
  women marched on Versailles-captured king
  family
• National Assembly passed new constitution
  -limited power of monarchy, restructured French
  politics and society.
• Austria Prussia threatened to
  intervene-National Assembly declared war in 1791

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The Terror, 17931794

• Kings attempt to flee, led to execution
  formation of new government, the National
  Convention, which was dominated by radical
  Mountain faction of Jacobins, led by, Robespierre
• Under Robespierre, executive power placed in
  hands of Committee of Public Safety, militant
  feminist forces repressed, new actions against
  clergy approved, suspected enemies imprisoned
  guillotined
• In July 1794, conservatives in National
  Convention voted to arrest execute Robespierre

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Reaction Rise of Napoleon, 17951815

• Convention worked to undo radical reforms of
  Robespierre years, ratified a more conservative
  constitution created new executive authority,
  the Directory
• Directorys suspension of election results of
  1797 signaled end of republican phase of
  revolution
• Napoleon seized power in 1799-began another form
  of government popular authoritarianism
• Napoleon provided internal stability protection
  of personal/property rights
• negotiated agreement w/ Catholic Church
  (Concordat of 1801)
• Created Civil Code of 1804
• declared himself emperor (also in 1804)
• Napoleonic system denied basic political
  property rights to women- restricted speech
  expression
• stability depended on military diplomacy
• No single European state could defeat Napoleon-
• occupation of Iberian Peninsula turned into
  costly war w/ resistance forces
• attack on Russia ended in disaster
• Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia, England
  defeated Napoleon in 1814

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Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804

• French Saint Domingue was one of richest European
  colonies in Americas
• one of most brutal slave regimes
• political turmoil in France led to conflict
  between slaves gens de couleur whites
• slave rebellion under François Dominique
  Toussaint LOuverture took over in 1794
• Napoleons attempt to reestablish French
  authority led to capture of LOuverture- failed
  to retake colony
• became independent republic of Haiti in 1804

1791-Slaves rebel, end slavery, create Western
Hemispheres second independent nation Haiti
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Congress of Vienna Conservative Retrenchment,
18151820

• From 1814 to 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia,
  Austria met in Vienna to reestablish safeguard
  the conservative order in Europe
• The Congress of Vienna
• restored the French monarchy
• redrew borders of France other European states
• established Holy Alliance of Austria, Russia,
  Prussia
• Holy Alliance defeated liberal revolutions in
  Spain Italy in 1820
• Tried, without success, to repress liberal
  nationalist ideas

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Nationalism, Reform, Revolution, 18211850

• Popular support for national self-determination
  democratic reform grew
• Greece gained independence from Ottoman Empire
• French monarchy forced to accept constitutional
  rule extend voting privileges
• Democratic reform in both Britain in US
• In Europe, desire for national self-determination
  democratic reform led to series of revolutions
  in 1848

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Conclusion The American Revolution

• expense of colonial wars led to imposition of new
  taxes on colonials
• Resentment over taxation led British American
  colonies to fight win independence
• New American government reflected for
  contemporaries the democratic ideals of the
  Enlightenment

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Conclusion The French Revolution

• Revolutionaries in France created more radical
  representative democracy than found in America
• Events in France led to Haitian Revolution
  Haitis independence
• Entrenched elite forces within foreign
  intervention from without, made French Haitian
  Revolutions more violent destructive than
  American Revolution
• In France, chaos led to rise of Napoleon

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Aftermath of Revolution

• Conservative retrenchment after Napoleon
  prevailed in the short term in Europe-nationalism
  liberalism could not be held in check for long
• New social classes that arose w/ industrial
  capitalism demanded a new social political
  order
• New political freedoms were limited to a minority
• Women could not participate until twentieth
  century
• slavery endured until second half of 19th
  century in America