Unit III Nutrients

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Unit IIINutrients Biomes
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Nutrient Cycles

• Carbon Cycle
• Based on CO2 cycling from animals to plants
  during respiration and photosynthesis.
• Heavy deposits are stored in wetland soils,
  oceans, sedimentary rocks.
• under right conditions, can become fossil fuels
• Released by combustion and volcanic activity.
• Returns to the soil from the atmosphere through
  rainfall
• Carbonic Acid H20 Rain with a pH of 5.4

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Nutrient Cycles

• Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Nitrification
• Passed on to animals.

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Nutrient Cycles

• Phosphorous Cycle
• Based on phosphate ions (PO43-) usually found in
  rock formations and ocean sediments.
• Released by weathering and volcanic activity.

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Nutrient Cycles

• Sulfur Cycle
• Most sulfur found in rocks, minerals, and ocean
  sediments.
• Sulfur enters atmosphere through weathering, sea
  spray, and volcanic activity (H2S, SO2).

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Nutrient Cycles

• Hydrologic Cycle
• (aka) Water Cycle
• Evaporation and Transpiration
• Condensation and Precipitation
• Infiltration and Percolation
• Runoff

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Atmosphere

• Troposphere
• inner layer of the atmosphere
• physical properties include
• Stratosphere

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Winds

• Global air circulation patterns are affected by

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What is the Earths tilt?
23.5º
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Winds

• Warm Fronts
• leading edge of a mass of warm air converging on
  a mass of cool air

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Winds

• Cold Fronts
• leading edge of a mass of cool air converging on
  a mass of warm air

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Pressure

• Highs
• Lows

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Ocean Currents

• Created by same reasons as winds.
• Distributes heat, nutrients, and DO.
• Upwellings

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El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

• Trade winds normally blow warm water off the
  coast of South America and California (creates
  upwellings).
• When winds fail, weaken, or change direction, the
  waters warm and stagnate.
• Causes less productivity and possibly red tide.
• As the Pacific surface temperature becomes
  warmer, global weather patterns are disrupted
• First seen with wetter weather in eastern Pacific.

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Climate and Weather

• Climate
• Winds

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Rain Shadow Effect

• AKA Orographic Uplift
• warm air rises and releases moisture on windward
  side of mountain.
• air on leeward side is cooler and dry.
• creates a distinctive microclimate on either side
  of mountain.

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Microclimate Factors

• Vegetation
• affects humidity, winds, and creates shadows.
• warmer in winter, cooler in summer.
• Cities
• buildings, asphalt, and vehicles raise
  temperatures and create haze and smog.

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Plate Boundaries

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

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Biomes

• Biome
• A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region
  with a similar climate soil, plants, and animals,
  regardless of where it occurs in the world
• Typically determined by

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Tundras

• Treeless biome in the far north with harsh, cold
  winters and extremely short summers
• Precipitation
• Temperature

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Tundras

• Nutrient poor soils with little organic material
• Low species richness
• Low primary productivity

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Boreal Forests

• A region of coniferous forests in the northern
  hemisphere
• Growing Season
• Precipitation

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Boreal Forests

• Soils are acidic and mineral poor
• Vegetation comprised of drought resistant
  conifers
• Mostly small animals
• Aka

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Temperate Rainforests

• Coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog and
  high precipitation
• Precipitation
• Temperature

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Temperate Rainforests

• Soils are nutrient-poor, but high in organic
  material (dropped needles)
• Dominant Vegetation
• Variety of cool climate
  animal life
• Very high species richness
• Heavily logged

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

• Forest biome that occurs in temperate areas with
  a moderate amount of precipitation
• Precipitation
• Temperature

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

• Topsoil is rich in organic material and underlain
  by clay
• Vegetation is primarily deciduous
• Animals
• Most of this biome land area has been regenerated
  after farming timber harvest

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Grasslands

• Grasslands with hot summers, cold winters and too
  little precipitation to support trees
• Precipitation
• 90 of this biome has
  been lost to farmland

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Grasslands

• Soil has thick, organic material rich organic
  horizon
• Periodic fires keep the dominant vegetation
• Animals

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Grasslands

• North America
• South America
• Europe/Asia
• Africa

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Chaparrals

• Also called a Mediterranean Climate
• Temperature
• Frequent fires

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Chaparrals

• Soil is thin and often not fertile
• Vegetation
• Animals

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Deserts

• Biome where lack of precipitation limits plant
  growth
• Temperature
• Precipitation

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Deserts

• Soils low in nutrients and high in salts
• Sparse vegetation
• Animals are very small to regulate temperature

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Savannas

• Tropical grassland with widely scattered trees
• Temperature
• Precipitation

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Savannas

• Soil low in nutrients due to leaching
• Vegetation
• Animals

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Tropical Rainforests

• Lush, species-rich biome that occurs where
  climate is warm and moist throughout the year
• Precipitation
• Very productive biome
• Most species-rich biome

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Tropical Rainforests

• Ancient, weathered, nutrient-poor soil
• Nutrients tied up in vegetation, not soil
• Vegetation
• Animals

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Freshwater Biomes

• Freshwater comprises 1 of the worlds water but
  has 40 of the worlds fish species.
• Two basic types
• Watershed/Drainage Basin

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Lotic Water

• Source Zone
• Transition Zone
• Flood Plain Zone

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Lentic Water

• Littoral Zone
• Limnetic Zone
• Profundal Zone

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Lentic Water

• Thermal Stratification
• Fall Spring Turnovers

• Summer Months

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Lentic Water

• Thermocline

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Lentic Water

• Oligotrophic Lakes
• Eutrophic Lakes
• Mesotrophic Lakes

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Marshes and Swamps

• Lands that shallow, fresh water covers for at
  least part of the year
• Were once regularly filled in

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Estuaries

• Where freshwater and saltwater mix
• Highly variable environment
• Highly productive

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Marine Biomes

• Oceans
• Limiting Factors

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Marine Biomes

• Coastal Zones
• Sandy/Rocky Beaches
• Intertidal Zone

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Coral Reefs

• Highest biodiversity in the ocean
• Oasis of the ocean
• Very sensitive to rising sea levels and
  temperatures
• Coastal development and other human activities
  are destroying reefs

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Open Ocean

• Overall, lowest productivity of any other
  ecosystem
• Euphotic Zone
• Bathyl Zone
• Abyssal Zone

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Ocean Pressures

• 40 of the worlds population lives within 100km
  of a coast
• Development has destroyed gt50 of coastal
  wetlands and 1/3 of mangroves.
• Fishing has damaged or destroyed habitats and
  severely decreased populations of fishes.
• Global warming has had an immense impact on beach
  erosion and reef destruction.

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