Introduction To Biodiversity

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Introduction To Biodiversity
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What is Biodiversity???

• Biological diversity
• Simply means the diversity, or variety, of plants
  and animals and other living things in a
  particular area or region
• Also means the number, or abundance of different
  species living within a particular region

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Okay, So Why Is It Important?

• Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of
  the web of life, including humans
• Each species of vegetation and each creature has
  a place on the earth and plays a vital role in
  the circle of life
• Plant, animal, and insect species interact and
  depend upon one another for what each offers,
  such as food, shelter, oxygen, and soil
  enrichment
• "It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can
  be diminished indefinitely without threatening
  humanity itself." -Edward O. Wilson (Father of
  Biodiversity)

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Early Classification

• To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
  classification system to name organisms and group
  them in a logical manner.
• The field of Biology that deals with classifying
  organisms is called Taxonomy.
• Carolus Linnaeus is the father of Modern Taxonomy
  (1700s)

Linnaeus is considered the founder of the
binomial system of nomenclature and the
originator of modern scientific classification of
plants and animals
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Linneaus Findings

• Millions of animals and plants
• How did we keep them in order?
• Binomial Nomenclature

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Hierarchy
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Binomial Nomenclature

• Identifying organisms by their genus and species
  names
• 2 words
• First letter of FIRST word is capital, First
  letter of SECOND word is lowercase.
• The word needs to be in italic or underlined
• Latin Form of the word.
• Ex Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Canus lupus
• Humans, Red Maple, Wolf

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Used because the common name can sometimes be
  misleading.
• Common names can be different in various parts of
  the world (for example the British, North
  American and Australian Robins)
• Latin is a universal dead language

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How do Scientist Classify organisms?

• You will probably need to add this slide to your
  notes
• Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a
  lineage but not in its older members are called
  derived characters.
• Derived Characters can be used to construct a
  Cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary
  relationship among a group of organism
• This concept was derived from Darwin.
• http//ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cla
  dograms/Open-This-File.swf

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How do Scientist Classify organisms?

• Early systems of classification grouped organisms
  together bases on visible similarities.
• That can quickly lead to troubles.
• Biologist now group organisms into categories
  that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or
  phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
• Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a
  lineage but not in its older members are called
  derived characters.
• This concept was derived from Darwin.

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How do Scientist Classify organisms?

• Similarities at the DNA level in the genes of
  organisms can be used to help determine
  classification.
• Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the
  passage of evolutionary time. A model known as a
  molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate
  the length of time that two species have been
  evolving independently.

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Dichotomous Key

• A dichotomous key is a series of yes/no questions
  that state the rules for placing items into
  categories within a system of classification
• Ex Plants, Insects, Trees, People (We could make
  one for our class!!)

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Now, its your turn to Practice

• We will work in groups of 2
• Pick someone that is dressed most like you today
• Move beside them QUIETLY
• I will hand out lab materials and questions and
  go over the lab
• You will have 15 minutes to work on this lab and
  to finish the questions
• Go back to your seats and begin on System of
  Classification Notes

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6 Kingdoms!

• 1. Eubacteria- (Bacteria)
• 2. Archaebacteria- (Bacteria)
• 2. Protists- (Amoeba)
• 3. Fungi- (Mushrooms)
• 4. Plants- (Trees)
• 5. Animal- (Mammals)

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2 Kingdoms or 1?

• Our book lists 6 kingdoms, Eubacteria and
  Archaebacteria
• Prior to 1990 most books listed only 5 kingdoms,
  Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped
  together Monera
• Either is correct..(I still refer to Monera on my
  quizzes and test. )

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The Three-Domain System

• Molecular analyses have given rise to a new
  taxonomic category that is now recognized by many
  scientist.
• The domain is more inclusive category than any
  otherlarger than a kingdom.
• Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

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Assignment

• Copy the chart on page 459 in its entirety.
• Plain white paper
• Due the day of the test!

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Eubacteria

• Single Celled, Prokaryotic, Autotrophic and
  Hetrotrophic
• Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom.
• Cell walls with peptidoglycan.
• Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt.
• Ex Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

• Bacteriaecological diverse
• Free living soil organisms to deadly parasites
• Some need oxygen some do not need oxygen.

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Archaebacteria

• Single Celled
• Prokaryotic
• Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
• Cell walls do NOT contain peptidogllycan
• Ex Methanogens, halophiles

• These bacteria live in volcanic hot springs,
  brine pools, and black organic mud.
• Most survive in the absence of oxygen

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Protists

• Mostly unicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Autotrophic/Heterotrophic
• Members have great variety
• Ex Amoeba (bottom) and Paramecium (top)
• You need to be familiar with BOTH of these little
  guysthey will be on your quiz/test.

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Fungi

• Mostly multicellular but some unicellular.
• Has a cell wall but does NOT make its own food.
• Heterotrophic
• Change dead organic matter into usable nutrients
  Decomposers
• Ex Bread mold, mildew, yeast, and mushrooms.

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Plant Kingdom

• Green- contain chlorophyll
• Make food by photosynthesis
• Ex Algae. Moss, Vascular Plants, Trees, Flower,
  Etc

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Animal Kingdom

• Multi-Cellular
• Cannot make their own food
• Most animals move (sponge is sessile)
• Vertebrates (Backbone) Ex Fish, Frogs, Birds,
  Snakes, and US!!
• Invertebrates (No backbone) Ex Sponges,
  Jellyfish, Earthworm

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A Mysterious Organism-Virus

• Not sure which classification to put viruses
  under
• No cell parts
• Chromosome-like structures
• Do not grow as living things

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A Mysterious Organism-Virus
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Body Symmetry

• Body Symmetry- The arrangement of body parts.
• Radial Symmetry- Has body parts radiating from a
  central point. Ex Starfish, Hydra
• Bilateral Symmetry- An animal with body parts
  arranged in pairs on either sides of a central
  axis. Ex Humans
• Asymmetry- Irregular body shape

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Body Symmetry
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Parts of the Body

• Dorsal- Top of animal (Back Surface)
• Ventral- Bottom of animal (Belly)
• Anterior- Front of animal
• Posterior- End of animal

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Metamorphosis

• A series of changes during which young insects
  develop into adults

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Complete Metamorphosis

• Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult
• The larva looks completely different than the
  adult
• Ex Butterflies, Beetles, Flies

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Incomplete Metamorphosis

• Egg, Nymph, Adult
• A nymph is like a much smaller version of the
  adult
• Ex Grasshopper, Cockroaches

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Biomes

• Large areas (ecosystems) with the same type of
  climax community
• Biomes located on land are called terrestrial
• Those located in oceans, lakes, streams, or ponds
  are called aquatic

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Biomes

• Terrestrial biomes include (out of your book)
  Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grassland, Deciduous
  Forest, and Tropical Rain Forest
• Other Biomes Savannah, Chaparral, Mountain Zones,
  etc

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Biomes

• Aquatic Biomes include .
• Marine, estuary, and freshwater.

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Biomes
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Tundra

• Treeless land.
• Short soggy summers long, cold, dark winters
• Strong winds
• Temperature never rises above freezing for long.

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Tundra
Tundra

• Permafrost- Permanently frozen subsoil
• Only topmost layer of soil thaws during the
  summer
• Poorly developed soil
• Grasses, shallow-rooted plants

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Tundra
Tundra

• Mosses, lichens, sedges, bearberry, and short
  grasses
• Waterfowl, musk ox, arctic foxes, caribou,
  lemmings

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Tundra
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Tundra
Tundra
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Tundra
Tundra
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Tundra
Tundra
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Tundra
Tundra

• Bearberry is a common plant that can be found in
  the Tundra.
• This is in the warm season.

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Taiga

• Circles the North Pole
• Land of mixed pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce
  trees
• Warmer and wetter than Tundra
• Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats

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Taiga

• Mild temperatures
• Abundant precipitation during fall winter and
  spring
• Relatively cool dry summer
• Rocky
• Acidic soils

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Taiga
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Taiga
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Taiga
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Taiga
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Desert

• Arid region with sparse plant life
• Occupy about 1/5 of the Earths surface.
• Little and unpredictable rainfall..usually 50 cm
  of rain or less annually
• Cold and hot deserts exist
• Ex Desert Tortoise, Diamondback Rattlesnake,
  Cactus, Aloe

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Desert

• Deserts may be found throughout the worldSahara
  of North Africa, southwestern U.S., Mexico, and
  Australia as well as in the basin and range area
  of Utah and Nevada and in parts of western Asia.

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Desert
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Desert
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Temperate Grasslands

• Between 25 and 75 cm of precipitation annually
• Large communities covered with grasses and
  similar small plants
• Occupies more area than any other biome
• Ex

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Temperate Grasslands

• Warm to hot summers and cold winters
• Moderate seasonal precipitation
• Fertile soils
• Dominant plants perennial grasses and herbs and
  sunflowers, oats, rye, wheat
• Dominant wildlife coyotes badgers, deer, and
  rabbits

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Temperate Grasslands
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Temperate Grasslands
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Temperate Grassland
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Savanna

• Grassland with scattered trees.
• Frequent fires, large mammals.
• Many small animals are dormant during dry period.

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Savanna
Savanna

• 3 distinct seasons
• cool and dry
• hot and dry
• warm and wet.
• Soils are poor.

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Savanna
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Chaparral

• Scrubland, regions of dense shrubs along coasts.
• Between 30 and 40 degrees latitude.

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Chaparral

• Rainy winters, long dry summers.
• Maintained by periodic fires.
• Deer, birds, rodents, snakes, etc.

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

• Precipitation ranges from 70 to 150 cm annually
• Rains year round
• Cold to moderate winters with hot summers
• Fertile soils

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

• Broad-leaved hardwood trees that loose their
  foliage
• Ex Deer, Bears, Oaks, Maples, Salamanders

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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Tropical Rain Forests

• Most biologically diverse
• Found near the equator
• Warm, wet weather dominated by lush plant growth
• Receives at least 200 cm of precipitation
  annually
• Dense, tangled vegetation

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Tropical Rain Forest

• Competition for light.
• Soil is usually poor due to rapid nutrient
  recycling.
• Animals are often tree dwellers.
• Ex. Sloths, Monkeys, Bamboo

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Tropical Rain Forest
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Tropical Rain Forest
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AQUATIC BIOMES

• 75 of Earth is covered in water.
• Divided into two categories freshwater and marine
• Marine Biomes The water is salt water. Oceans,
  sea, and some inland lakes contain salt water.
• Freshwater is confined to rivers, streams, ponds
  and most lakes.

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Marine

• Oceans contain the largest amount of biomass, or
  living material, of any biome on earth.
• Many living organisms are small they cannot even
  be seen.
• Ecologist study marine biomes by separating them
  into different zones.

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Freshwater

• Ponds, lake, rivers, etc are also full of life
  but more so around the shoreline and in shallow
  areas.
• Water temperature and sunlight penetration are
  factors that limits life in freshwater biomes.

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Freshwater

• In the shallow waters you will find plants such
  as cattails and sedges.
• These plants serve as food and homes for
  tadpoles, aquatic insects, worms, crayfish,
  dragonflies
• Minnows, bluegill, and carp also live here.

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Estuary

• An estuary is a coastal body of water, partially
  surrounded by land, in which freshwater and
  saltwater mix.
• It may extend many miles inland.

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Estuary

• Wide range of organisms live here.