?????? 17. Lect_17_Competition ??????? ????????????? ??????????. ??????????????? ????????????? ?????

1
?????? 17. Lect_17_Competition???????
????????????? ??????????. ???????????????
????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????
???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ????????
???? ???? (??? ????? ??????? ????), ?? ??? 1)
?????????? ??????? ????????? 2) ?? ????????????
???????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? (???
???????????) ????????????? ??????? 3) ??????????
??????????? ??????????? ????? 4) ???? ????
?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????
?????????? ???????) 5) ???? ?????????????
???????????? ? ??????????????? ?? ????
??????????? ??????????? 6) ????? ?????? ????
???????????????? ?????????.
2
???????????

• Competition

3

• Vito Volterra (1860-1940)

4
??????? ????????????? ??????????(???????
????????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????)???
????, ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?
??? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??????????????. ???? ???
????????? ????????? ??????.
5

• ??????? ????????? ????? (1910-1986)

6
?.?.????? Struggle for existence Baltimore, 1934
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991)
10
(No Transcript)
11
?????? ???? ??????????
12
(No Transcript)
13
?????? ???? ??????????(??? ???? ?
?????????????????? ??????)
14
?????? ???? ??????????(??? ???? ?
???????????????? ??????)
15
?????? ???? ??????????(???? ??????????????
????????)
16
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???????
17
???? ????? ???????? ?????????????
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
???? ????? Lemna gibba ? Lemna polyrrhiza ?
?????? ? ????????? ?????????.1. L.p. ? ??????
????????2. L.g. ? ?????? ???????? 3. L.g. ?
??????????? L.p. 4. L.p. ??????????? L.g.
21
????????????? ???? ????? ?????? Typha latifolia
(1) ? Typha angustifolia (2) ?? ??????? ???????
?? ????? ???? ? ???????????? ????????? (?) ? ?
???????????? (?)
22
????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? (1) ? ????????
?????? (2) ???? ???????? ???????????? Balanus
balanoides ? Chthamalus stellatus?????????????
??????? ?????? ?????????????, ?? ????????
?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ????????
23
????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ????????
?????? ???????? ???????????? Balanus balanoides ?
Chthamalus stellatus. ?????? ?????????
(dessication) (A), ?????? ??????? Thais (B) ?
??????????? ????????????? (intraspecific) ?
?????????? (interspecific) (C)
24
??????? ????????????? ?????????? (????? ?????,
??????? ????????? ?????) ? ???????????
?????????????? ?????, ????????????? ?????
?????????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????????
????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????, ??
????? ????????? ????? ??????????-?????????
????????, ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????????
25
???????????? ???????????????

• Competition and coexistence

26
??? ??????? ??????? ???????????????1. ????
?????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????
??????????????, ??????????? ????? ????
??????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????
27
??? ??????? ??????? ???????????????2. ????
???????? ???? ????????????? ????, ??????????? ??
????? ???????, ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????
????????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????????? ?????
??? ?? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????????????
(????????????? ????? ????? ???????)
28
Joseph ConnellThe ghost of competition past
29
G.Evelyn HutchinsonHomage to Santa Rosalia, or
why are there so many kinds of animals? //
American Naturalist, 1959. V. 93 145-159
30
(No Transcript)
31
G.Evelyn HutchinsonHomage to Santa Rosalia, or
why are there so many kinds of animals? //
American Naturalist, 1959. V. 93 145-159
32
??????? ??????????????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ?
?? ?? ????????????? ???? 1. ??????????? ???????
?????????. 2. ????? ????????????? ????????????
?? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ???
??, ????????, ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ?
?????. 3. ?????????? ???????? ??????????
??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? (??????,
????? ? ?.?.) ??? ??????????? ???????? (????????,
????????????). 4. ????????????? ?????????????
????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????
???????. 5. ???????????? ?????? ?????,
???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????
???????? (??????????????? ?? ???? ???????????
???????????). 6. ????????????????
??????????????? ????? ??????, ??????
?????????????? (????????, ????? ????????).
33
1. ??????????? ??????? ?????????
34
????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? (David
Tilman) (resource-based competition theory)
(1) ? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????
(??? ??????, ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????) ?
???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????-?????
???????? ???!
(2) ????? ???? ? ??????????? ????????????
????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????, ?
??????????? ??????????????? ? ??. ??????
????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????
(???????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????????)
(3) ??? ??????????? ??????. ??????????? ??????
?? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????. ??????
??????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ?????
(???? ?? ??????!) ???????? ??????? ????????? ?
?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ???
?????-???? ?? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????
??? ????????????????? ????????
?? ?????? ?.?.????????
35
??????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??
???????????? ????????????? ???????
36
Asterionella formosa? Cyclotella meneghiniana
?????????????? ?????????

• ????????????? ????????
• ?????????????
• ????????

37


38


39


40
????? ??????????? ????? Asterionella ? Cyclotella
?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????
?????


41
Tilman D., 1990. Constraints and tradeoffs
toward a predictive theory of competition and
succession // Oikos. V. 58. P. 3-15


42
Tilman D., 1990. Constraints and tradeoffs
toward a predictive theory of competition and
succession // Oikos. V. 58. P. 3-15


43
2. ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ????
???????????? ????????????? ??????? ???
??????????????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????
44
????? ??? 2-?? ???? ????????? ???? - ????? ?
???????! ?
45
3. ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????
????? ?? ???? ???????????? (??????, ?????) ???
??????????? ???????? (????????)
46
4. ????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????
??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????