Diapositiva 1

1
Evolutionary Classification of Diseases and
Similar Conditions Giacinto Libertini (M.D.,
Independent Researcher)  www.r-site.org/ageing,
www.programmed-aging.org e-mail
giacinto.libertini_at_tin.it 6th Congress SIBE
Bologna 2015, August 31 September 3
2
What is Evolutionary Medicine?
Evolutionary or Darwinian Medicine 1-6 comes
into being in 1991 1, but there are some known
forerunners 7 (e.g. 8) and others not
generally cited as forerunners 9, 10.
1 Williams GC, Nesse RM (1991) The dawn of
Darwinian medicine. Quart. Rev. Biol. 66,
1-22. 2 Nesse RM, Williams GC (1994) Why we get
sick. Times Books, New York. 3 Stearns SC (ed)
(1999) Evolution in health and disease, 1st ed.
Oxford University Press, Oxford (UK). 4
Trevathan WR, Smith EO, McKenna JJ (eds) (1999)
Evolutionary Medicine. Oxford University Press,
New York. 5 Trevathan WR, Smith EO, McKenna JJ
(eds) (2008) Evolutionary Medicine new
perspectives. Oxford University Press, New
York. 6 Stearns SC, Koella JC (eds) (2008)
Evolution in health and disease, 2nd ed. Oxford
University Press, Oxford (UK). 7 Trevathan WR,
Smith EO, McKenna JJ (2008) Introduction and
overview of Evolutionary Medicine. In Trevathan
WR, Smith EO, McKenna JJ (eds) Evolutionary
Medicine new perspectives. Oxford University
Press, New York. 8 Eaton SB, Shostak M, Konner
M (1988) The paleolithic prescription a program
of diet exercise and a design for living.
Harper Row, New York. 9 Price WA (1939)
Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. Paul B.
Hoeber , New York and London. 10 Libertini G
(1983) Ragionamenti Evoluzionistici. Società
Editrice Napoletana, Naples (Italy). English
Edition (2011) Evolutionary Arguments. Azinet
Press, Crownsville (USA).
3
If "Nothing in biology makes sense, except in the
light of evolution" 1 is true, why "Nothing in
medicine makes sense, except in the light of
evolution 2 should not be true? Evolutionary
Medicine is the enterprise of using evolutionary
biology to address the problems of medicine 3.
Evolutionary Medicine is not an Alternative
Medicine (like homeopathy, iridology, ayurvedic
medicine, naturopathy, traditional Chinese
medicine, energy medicine, etc.) but a Medicine
that is more thoroughly scientific in that it
involves the concepts of Evolutionism.
A medicine that ignored the principles of
chemistry, for example, would be partially
scientific. Similarly, a medicine that ignores
the principles of evolution is partially
scientific!
1 Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in biology makes
sense except in the light of evolution. Am. Biol.
Teach. 351259. 2 Varki A (2012) Nothing in
medicine makes sense, except in the light of
evolution. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 90481-94. 3
Nesse RM, in Trevathan et al. eds (2008)
Evolutionary Medicine new perspectives. Oxford
Univ. Press, New York, Ch. 23.
4
Some concepts and basic notions are essential for
the subsequent exposition
1/3 - The concept of normality in evolutionary
terms
A normal value, in its statistical meaning, is a
value within the reference (or normal) range. It
is indispensable to define the reference range as
it indicates the normal values! E.g., in a
mental hospital it is normal to be mad and in a
cemetery it is normal to be dead!
For Evolutionary Medicine, in the study of a
population we must refer to individuals living in
the ecological conditions to which the species is
adapted and that will be defined as normal
conditions.
5
2/3 - The concept of mismatch
The concept of mismatch is simple but with huge
implications
If a species is adapted to a certain range of
conditions (including diet, environmental
conditions, interrelations with other living
beings, etc.), called for brevity ecological
niche, and that we have defined normal
conditions, any change in the ecological niche is
a potential source of dysfunctions, i.e.
diseases, because there is no adaptation to the
new conditions 1, 2. This is defined as
"mismatch 3.
1 Libertini G (1983) Ragionamenti
Evoluzionistici. Società Editrice Napoletana,
Naples (Italy). English Edition (2011)
Evolutionary Arguments. Azinet Press, Crownsville
(USA). 2 Libertini G (2009) Prospects of a
Longer Life Span beyond the Beneficial Effects of
a Healthy Lifestyle, in Handbook on Longevity
Genetics, Diet Disease. Nova Science Publ.
Inc., New York. 3 Eaton SB, Shostak M, Konner
M (1988) The paleolithic prescription a program
of diet exercise and a design for living.
Harper Row, New York.
6
3/3 - Mortality in normal conditions
The figure shows the life table of a population
in normal conditions (Ache of Paraguay studied
in wild conditions 1), which mirrors the
results of analogous studies (e.g. 2).
It is noteworthy that, at ages 60 and 70 years,
approximately 30 and 18, respectively, of Ache
survived.
For Ache, in adults aged 15 to 59 years, the main
causes of death were violence (46), accidents
(23) and infections (24)
The main causes of death in modern populations
(heart attacks, diabetes, hypertension, etc.)
were absent. Cases of death by cancer were not
reported although, in the group aged 60 years,
some rare cases of illness attributed generically
to unspecified causes or to old age could be
the result of a neoplastic disease.
1 Hill K, Hurtado AM (1996) Ache Life History.
Aldine De Gruyter, New York. 2 Early J, Peters
J (1990) The Population Dynamics of the Mucajai
Yanomamo. Academic Press, New York.
7
Current classification of diseases and similar
phenomena

• The International Classification of Diseases,
  ICD-10 1, as the preceding ones, classifies the
  diseases and various similar phenomena following
  traditional divisions
• - Categories III-XIV mirror the affected organic
  system (e.g. circulatory, respiratory,
  digestive)
• - Categories I, II, XV-XVII, XIX mirror specific
  medical specializations (e.g. oncology,
  traumatology)
• Categories XVIII, XX-XXII include all other
  troubles.
• - There is NO CODE for ageing, which is
  considered only a term to summarize an array of
  distinct degenerative age-related phenomena.

The "modern" classification of diseases is
pre-Darwinian and follows empirical and customary
criteria in short, it is largely based on the
organic system affected or on the competence
attributed to some specializations. This
traditional type of disease classification
mirrors the historical development of medicine
and its gradual subdivision in various
specializations. It has no rational
justification, i.e. it is not based on scientific
criteria.
1 ICD-10, WHO 2015.
8
Here, an evolutionary classification is proposed
Evolutionary Classification of Diseases and Similar Conditions
Category I - Diseases deriving from alterations of the genotype
Category II - Diseases deriving from alterations of the ecological niche, i. e. consequences of mismatches between adaptation and modified lifestyles Category III - Diseases deriving from extremes of the ecological niche (traumas burns, etc.)
Category IV - Diseases deriving from interactions with other living beings (infections, parasitosis, etc.)
Category V - Physiologic phenomena that cause troubles and sufferings, or death V-1 - Defences against traumas, infections, toxic substances, etc. (i.e. pain, fever, cough, sneezes, nausea, vomit, diarrhoea, iron-deficiency anaemia etc.) V-2 - Mental and behavioural troubles as adaptations to particular situations V-3 - Pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium V-4 - Phenoptotic phenomena, aging excluded V-5 Aging
9
Category I - Diseases deriving from alterations
of the genotype
The transfer of genetic information from a
generation to the next is imperfect, a fact that
is fundamental for the whole evolutionary theory.
As these modifications are changes in a very
complex system, they are, when not neutral, a
likely cause of physiologic dysfunctions.
A random modification in a complex structure is a
probable cause of breakdown (Fig. 2 from 1).
1 Libertini G (2009) Prospects of a Longer Life
Span beyond the Beneficial Effects of a Healthy
Lifestyle, in Handbok on Longevity Genetics,
Diet Disease. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New
York.
10
In the wild, for genetic diseases, a disorder
caused by a single mutation must have a very
small frequency (equilibrium frequency, Ce),
determined by the balance between new harmful
mutations and selective pressures against these
mutations (fig. 1). If a disease may be caused by
n different mutations, its frequency will be
equal to the summation of n equilibrium
frequencies, which is still a small number 1.
A
B
Figure 1 - A) Equilibrium frequency of a
recessive harmful gene (Ce) and phenotypic
frequency of the disease caused by it (Pe) B)
The same for a dominant harmful gene. Values
calculated with a frequency of new mutations
equal to 0.00001. For formulas, see 1. Note
that the values of the two Pe are identical (Fig.
3 from 1).
Consequently, it is foreseeable that there is a
large number of diseases caused by genetic
disorders, each with a limited frequency but with
a discrete overall incidence, a prediction
confirmed 2.
1 Libertini G (2009) Prospects of a Longer Life
Span beyond the Beneficial Effects of a Healthy
Lifestyle, in Handbook on Longevity Genetics,
Diet Disease. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New
York. 2 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
Center for Medical Genetics, Johns Hopkins
University (Baltimore, MD, USA),
http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim.
11
Category II - Diseases deriving from alterations
of the ecological niche, i.e. consequences of
mismatches between adaptation and modified
lifestyles
As the modifications of the ecological conditions
to which a species is adapted are changes in a
very complex system, they are, when not neutral,
a likely cause of disease.
As for genetic diseases, a random modification in
a complex order, i.e. a modification of the
ecological niche, is a probable cause of
disharmony (Fig. 2 from 1).
12
There are many diseases deriving from alterations
of the ecological niche. The frequency of each of
these diseases may be very high and the overall
frequency is so high that each person may suffer
from various of them.
Table 1 Some common diseases caused by mismatches The incidences of the diseases and deaths caused by mismatches are omitted for brevity but they are frightening and increasing it is worse than a world war bulletin.
Excessive ingestion of salt -gt hypertension 1-3 (-gt heart hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death 4)
Excessive time in improper conditions of light -gt refractive defects (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia) 5, 6 (myopia affects up to 7090 of a population7)
1 Eaton SB et al. (1988) The paleolithic
prescription a program of diet exercise and a
design for living. Harper Row, New York. 2
Bragulat E, de la Sierra A (2002) Salt intake,
endothelial dysfunction, and salt-sensitive
hypertension. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 4,
41-6. 3 Rodriguez-Iturbe B et al. (2007)
Pathophysiological mechanisms of salt-dependent
hypertension. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 50, 655-72. 4
Morse SA et al. (2005) The heart in
obesity-hypertension. Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc.
Ther. 3, 647-58. 5 Fredrick DR (2002) Myopia.
BMJ. 324, 1195-9. 6 Rose KA et al. (2008)
Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of
Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney. Arch.
Ophthalmol. 126, 527-30. 7 Wong TY et al.
(2000) Prevalence and risk factors for refractive
errors in an adult Chinese population in
Singapore. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41,
2486-94.
TO BE CONTINUED
13
CONTINUED
Excessive ingestion of unsaturated fats, caloric foods, meat with high fat content -gt obesity (-gt renal cell carcinoma 1, heart hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death 2), type 2-diabetes and increased vascular risk (-gt myocardial infarct, cerebral ischemia, infarcts in all the vascular districts, heart hypertrophy and failure, etc.) 3
Occupational noise, smoking, high Body Mass Index -gt hearing loss 4
Excessive exposure to noise -gt hearing loss 3,5
Smoking and/or air pollution -gt chronic bronchitis 6, emphysema 7
1 Lipworth L et al. (2006) The epidemiology of
renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 176, 2353-8. 2
Morse SA et al. (2005) The heart in
obesity-hypertension. Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc.
Ther. 3, 647-58. 3 Eaton SB et al. (1988) The
paleolithic prescription a program of diet
exercise and a design for living. Harper Row,
New York. 4 Fransen E et al. (2008)
Occupational noise, smoking, and a high Body Mass
Index are risk factors for age-related hearing
impairment and moderate alcohol consumption is
protective a European population-based
multicenter study. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 9,
264-76. 5 Daniel E (2007) Noise and hearing
loss a review. J. Sch. Health 77, 225-31. 6
Viegi G et al. (2006) Epidemiology of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease health effects of
air pollution. Respirology 11, 523-32. 7
Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Voelkel NF (2008)
Molecular pathogenesis of emphysema. J. Clin.
Invest. 118, 394-402.
TO BE CONTINUED
14
CONTINUED
Smoking -gt coronary heart and other cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, pregnancy complications, and respiratory diseases in children 1, lung 1, 2 / larynx 2, 3 / bladder 2, 4 / kidney 5 / pancreas 6 carcinoma, peptic ulcer 7, 8
Excessive ingestion of simple and refined carbohydrates (in particular sugar) and other dietary modifications -gt dental caries, pyorrhoea, crowded teeth 9, 10
1 Giovino GA (2007) The tobacco epidemic in the
United States. Am. J. Prev. Med. 33, S318-26. 2
Clavel J (2007) Progress in the epidemiological
understanding of gene-environment interactions in
major diseases cancer. Cancer Res. Biol. 330,
306-17. 3 La Vecchia C et al. (2008) Alcohol
and laryngeal cancer an update. Eur. J. Cancer
Prev. 17, 116-24. 4 Jankovic S, Radosavljevic
V (2007) Risk factors for bladder cancer. Tumori
93, 4-12. 5 Lipworth L et al. (2006) The
epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol.
176, 2353-8. 6 Hart AR et al. (2008) Pancreatic
cancer a review of the evidence on causation.
Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 275-82. 7
Halter F, Brignoli R (1998) Helicobacter pylori
and smoking two additive risk factors for
organic dyspepsia. Yale J. Biol. Med. 71,
91-9. 8 Parasher G, Eastwood GL (2000) Smoking
and peptic ulcer in the Helicobacter pylori era.
Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 843-53. 9
Eaton SB et al. (1988) The paleolithic
prescription a program of diet exercise and a
design for living. Harper Row, New York. 10
Price WA (1939) Nutrition and Physical
Degeneration. Paul B. Hoeber, New York and London.
TO BE CONTINUED
15
CONTINUED
Scarce ingestion of fibres -gt constipation, colon diverticulosis, colon and stomach carcinoma, type 2-diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases 1, appendicitis 2,3
Scarce ingestion of calcium and reduced physical activity -gt osteoporosis 4,5, back pain 4
Reduced exposure to natural allergens in the childhood -gt allergies 6
Exposure to chemical substances artificially synthesized -gt allergic diseases 7
Altered conditions of sociality, stress of civilized conditions -gt mental and psychiatric disorders 4,8
Many factors -gt increased incidence of many types of cancer 4,9
Alcoholism -gt hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis 10, larynx carcinoma 11

1 Trepel F (2004) Dietary fibre more than a
matter of dietetics. II. Preventative and
therapeutic usesArticle in German Wien. Klin.
Wochenschr. 116, 511-22. 2 Arnbjörnsson E
(1983) Acute appendicitis and dietary fiber.
Arch. Surg. 118, 868-70. 3 Adamidis D et al.
(2000) Fiber intake and childhood appendicitis.
Int. J. Food. Sci. Nutr. 51, 153-7. 4 Eaton SB
et al. (1988) The paleolithic prescription a
program of diet exercise and a design for
living. Harper Row, New York. 5 National
Institutes of Health, USA (2000) Osteoporosis
prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens.
Statement. 17, 1-45. 6 Janeway C et al. (2001)
Immunobiology , 5th ed. Garland Science, New York
and London. 7 Kirchner DB (2002) The spectrum
of allergic disease in the chemical industry.
Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 75,
S107-12. 8 Nesse RM, Williams GC (1994) Why we
get sick. Times Books, New York. 9 - Greaves MF
(2000) Cancer The Evolutionary Legacy. Oxford
University Press, Oxford (UK). 10 - Adachi M,
Brenner DA (2005) Clinical syndromes of alcoholic
liver disease. Dig. Dis. 23, 255-63. 11 La
Vecchia C et al. (2008) Alcohol and laryngeal
cancer an update. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 17,
116-24.
16
Category III - Diseases deriving from extremes
of the ecological niche (traumas burns, etc.)
Extremes are defined the conditions that are
beyond the adaptive range of a species.
A species cannot be adapted to all possible
conditions. E.g., we are not adapted to resist
to fire, strong traumas, et cetera. Exposure to
conditions for which the species is not (or
cannot) be adapted causes troubles or death.
This category of diseases is the main cause of
death in normal conditions 1.
1 Hill K, Hurtado AM (1996) Ache Life History.
Aldine De Gruyter, New York.
17
Category IV - Diseases deriving from interactions
with other living beings (infections,
parasitosis, etc.)
The number of microbes that are on our epidermis,
on our mucosae and in our intestines and
elsewhere on or in our body is about TEN TIMES
the number of our cells! These microbes are
commensals and for many reasons friends of us but
in some cases they become our predators.
There is a continuous competition among the
species, in particular conflictual evolutionary
exigencies between an organism and its parasites
(bacteria, virus, fungi, worms, etc.). The
relationship between an organism and its
parasites is analogous to that between a prey and
its predators. So, it is predictable that, such
as it happens in the prey-predator case,
parasites will damage more very young, sick and
old individuals and much less healthy and of
intermediate ages individuals, to minimise
disadvantages and maximise advantages both for
hosts and parasites.
18
Category V - Physiologic phenomena that cause
troubles and sufferings, or death
V-1 - Defences against traumas, infections, toxic
substances, etc. (i.e. pain, fever, cough,
sneezes, nausea, vomit, diarrhoea,
iron-deficiency anaemia, etc.)
Defences against troubles are often considered as
troubles and actively contrasted. In some cases,
the treatment may be noxious or even deadly.
E.g., for iron-deficiency anaemia There is
convincing evidence that iron deficiency protects
against many infectious diseases such as malaria,
plague, and tuberculosis as shown by diverse
medical, historical, and anthropologic studies.
1 Iron administration in Polynesian infants
increased dramatically gram-negative neonatal
sepsis cases and when iron administration was
stopped sepses decreased 2.
1 Denic S, Agarwal MM (2007) Nutritional iron
deficiency an evolutionary perspective.
Nutrition 23, 603-14. 2 Barry DM, Reeve AW
(1977) Increased incidence of gram-negative
neonatal sepsis with intramuscula iron
administration. Pediatrics, 60, 908-12.
TO BE CONTINUED
19
CONTINUED
V-2 - Mental and behavioural troubles as
adaptations to particular situations V-3 -
Pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium
In normal conditions, some mental states (e.g.,
anxiety, mild depression) are often life-saving
adaptations to particular situations. Pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium are physiological
conditions. Often all these conditions are
treated as pathological. Moreover, modifications
of the normal lifestyle (i.e., alterations of
the ecological niche) often transform them in
pathological conditions.
E.g. the childbirth in aseptic conditions or by
Caesarean birth hinders the normal colonization
of the germ-free bowel of the newborn and this is
a cause of serious diseases 1.
1 Blaser MJ (2014) Missing microbes. Oneworld
Book, London.
20
CONTINUED
V-4 - Phenoptotic phenomena, aging excluded 1
"Phenoptosis is the death of an individual caused
by its own actions or by actions of close
relatives and not caused primarily by accidents
or diseases or external factors. Phenoptosis is
determined, regulated or influenced by genes
favoured by natural selection. 1
Two examples of phenoptotic phenomena of this
category 1) the "vanishing twin (reviewed in
1998 2) "... sonograms of women in the first
trimester of pregnancy reveal that twins are
conceived two to four times more often than they
are born in the majority of cases, the smaller
of the two foetuses disappears by the third
trimester and is apparently reabsorbed by the
mother ...." 3. 2) cryptic female choice 3.
Embryos with too much antigenic homogeneity are
more vulnerable to microbial antigenic mimicry
and so are eliminated by miscarriage early (more
details and references in 1).
1 Libertini G (2012) Classification of
phenoptotic phenomena. Biochem. (Mosc.)
77707-15. 2 Landy HJ, Keith LG (1998) The
vanishing twin a review. Human Reprod. Update 4,
17783. 3 Hausfater G, Hrdy SB (1984)
Infanticide Comparative and evolutionary
perspectives. Aldine, New York. 4 Loisel DA,
Alberts SC, Ober C (2008) Functional significance
of MHC variation in mate choice, reproductive
outcome, and disease risk. In Stearns, S. C. and
Koella J. C. (eds), Evolution in health and
disease, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
21
CONTINUED
V-5 Aging
Aging, defined as "increasing mortality with
increasing chronological age in populations in
the wild, is currently considered as the result
of various different degenerative phenomena. A
totally alternative interpretation that explains
aging as a phenoptotic phenomenon 1-2 has been
proposed. It is possible to describe precisely
age-related manifestations as the effects of a
genetically programmed gradual self-destruction
3. The evidence and the theoretical arguments
against the classic interpretation and in support
of the phenoptotic interpretation are
overwhelming 4.
It is not possible to really understand aging and
a lot of age-related pathologies, both in
evolutionary and non-evolutionary terms, if a
sound interpretation of aging is not accepted!
1 Libertini G (2012) Classification of
phenoptotic phenomena. Biochem. (Mosc.)
77707-15 2 Skulachev VP (1997) Aging is a
specific biological function rather than the
result of a disorder in complex living systems
biochemical evidence in support of Weismann's
hypothesis. Biochem. (Mosc.) 621191-5 3
Libertini G (2014) Programmed aging paradigm how
we get old. Biochem. (Mosc.) 79(10)1004-16 4
Libertini G (2015) Non-programmed Versus
Programmed Aging Paradigm. Curr. Aging Sci.
8(1)56-68.
22
Comparison between the different Categories of
Diseases and Similar Conditions
Number of troubles Mean frequency Primary prevention Care or treatment
I - Diseases deriving from alterations of the genotype Very high Very low Only for some diseases Genetic terapy or care of manifestations
II - Diseases deriving from alterations of the ecological niche Many High Always possible Care of manifestations when prevention has failed
III - Diseases deriving from extremes of the ecological niche Many Significant Always possible Care of manifestations when prevention has failed
IV - Diseases deriving from interactions with other living beings Many High Possible in many cases Limited to essential cases
V - Physiologic phenomena that cause troubles and sufferings, or death
V-1 - Defences against trauma, infections, toxic substances, etc. Some High Not necessary Limited to curb excessive expressions
V-2 - Mental and behavioural disorders as adaptations to particular situations Some Low Possible Limited to essential cases
V-3 - Pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium Some Low Not necessary Limited to essential cases
V-4 - Phenoptotic phenomena, aging excluded Few Low Not necessary Not necessary
V-5 - Aging One Universal Impossible Genetic modifications, if ethically accepted
23
Conclusion Importance and necessity of
Evolutionary Medicine
The current medicine boasts formidable technical
achievements and proclaims that we are
increasingly defeating diseases. The reality is
quite different. The successes in disease
treatments are largely overtaken by the strong
increase of many disease frequencies and the
average health is getting worse (fig. 1). It is
essential to move from the priority given to
disease treatment to their prevention based on
the fight against their primary causes (and not
on screening tests!). For this aim, it is
necessary the correct interpretation and
classification of diseases. This is a huge goal
that clashes with enormous economic interests and
many established ideas. But this aim cannot be
postponed indefinitely the preventable deaths
and diseases caused by the current irrational
organization of the health systems is a load more
lethal than that of a world war in progress!
Figure 1 - Growing Sickness. Although people are
living longer, they are also living with more
chronic conditions, as seen here in data for the
developed world. 1
1 Vos T et al. (2015) Lancet pii
S0140-6736(15)60692-4.
TO BE CONTINUED
24
Conclusion Importance and necessity of
Evolutionary Medicine
Modern doctors are largely unaware even of the
most basic principles of Evolutionism, and do not
know or understand Evolutionary Medicine. At the
same time, evolutionary biologists do not know or
understand the diseases and are unaware of the
extreme importance of evolutionism applied to
Medicine, not as an ancillary discipline but as
the core of a rational organization of a health
system that should primarily prevent
diseases. It is therefore essential the
integration of the knowledge of Evolutionism into
the active body of current Medicine, transforming
it into Evolutionary Medicine. Important part of
this revolution is a rational classification of
the diseases, based not on the tradition but on a
scientific criterion evolutionism!
CONTINUED
25
Thanks for your attention
This oral presentation is on my personal pages
too www.r-site.org/ageing and you may find it
on www.researchgate.net and www.academia.edu (e-m
ail giacinto.libertini_at_tin.it)