Hydrosphere

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Hydrosphere
Lesson starter What do we mean by Hydrosphere?
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(No Transcript)
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Title Hydrosphere

• 18/11/2016
• Aims
• To find out the relationship water has with the
  planet Earth.
• To look at the Hydrological cycle and understand
  how it works.
• To find out how river drainage basins effect
  flooding and river flow.
• To look at the different features of rivers from
  their source to their mouth.

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Water on planet Earth

• Why do you think that the study of the
  Hydrosphere is important to us?

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Water on planet Earth
This all means that studying the Hydrosphere is
more important now that it ever has been.

• Water is extremely important to us!
• It is a vital resource that we take for granted
  in countries such as the UK.
• It is estimated that there will be vast water
  shortages around the world before 2050 and that
  it will lead to tension between countries.
• Many people believe that this could lead to
  future wars, much like the oil wars of the late
  1990s.
• We are also at constant risk of flooding and
  water levels rising over the planet.

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So where is all of our water

• Take the sub heading
• Location of the Earths water.
• Underneath try and write a list of where you
  think all of the Earths water can be found.
• 4 minutes.

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(No Transcript)
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The Hydrological Cycle
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Task The Hydrological cycle

• You have been given a piece of poster paper in
  front of you. In your group I want you to explain
  the Hydrological cycle.
• Try your best I dont expect you to be an
  expert yet. You may use diagrams.

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Part 2

• You have now been given a diagram that has no
  labels on it.
• You must now try and annotate on the labels that
  you think should go onto the diagram.

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Hydrological Cycle (Closed System)
Percolation
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Hydrological Cycle (Closed System)
Percolation
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Hydrological Cycle (Closed System)
In your groups write a detailed description of
the hydrological cycle and how it works. You
should structure it like an exam style question
worth 5 marks.
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The global hydrological cycle is a closed system.
What does this mean?
Copy
A closed system means that nothing is ever added
or taken away. The amount of water in the system
stays the same but it is just transferred and
stored in different ways at different times.
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• https//www.youtube.com/watch?val-do-HGuIk

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The Hydrological cycle

• Heat from the sun results in evaporation of water
  from the oceans
• Moist air is blown inland advection
• Condenses further as it rises over mountains
• Precipitation falls
• Rainwater returns to the sea/oceans via rivers
  and streams or overland flow

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The Hydrological cycle

• Some precipitation falls as snow. Snow and ice
  stored in glaciers, so slow down the rate of
  return of moisture
• Water can infiltrate the soil and moves slowly
  down the slope as throughflow
• Or percolating into the rock stored as
  groundwater store
• Vegetation take up water and through
  photosynthesis release water for evaporation as
  transpiration. Also known as evapotranspiration.
• Process starts again when water returns back to
  the ocean
• Closed system no water is lost or gained through
  the process

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• http//earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/wat
  ercycle/

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Hydrological cycle lesson 2Drainage Basins

• 18/11/2016
• Aims
• To find out what we mean by drainage basins.
• To look at the hydrological cycle of a drainage
  basin.

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Lesson starter

• Answer the following questions
• What are labels 1-9?
• Is the hydrological cycle a closed or open cycle?

Answer the following questions 3) Describe the
global hydrological cycle.
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What is a drainage basin?

• A drainage basin is an area of land drained by a
  river and its tributaries (river system).

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Drainage Basins
A drainage basin is the catchment area of a river
and its tributaries. The boundary of the
catchment area is called the watershed. Drainage
basins involve water being returned to the oceans
as part of the global hydrological cycle. What
is important in drainage basins is not the size
of the basin but how much water flows through
it.
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Watersheds

• http//techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/whatiswater
  shed.htm

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Diagram of drainage basin.
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The hydrological cycle of a drainage basin.

• An OPEN system means that it has INPUTS and
  OUTPUTS.

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Soil Infiltration
Precipitation
Soil Moisture Storage

• Out of the boxes here which ones are inputs,
  outputs and processes (storage or movement)?

Rivers flowing into the sea
Groundwater
Overland Flow
Interception
Percolation
Throughflow
Surface Storage
Evaporation
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INPUTS TRANSFERS OUTPUTS
Precipitation Interception Evaporation
Surface Storage Rivers flowing into the sea
Soil Infiltration
Soil Moisture Storage
Percolation
Groundwater
Overland Flow
Throughflow
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The Drainage Basin is an OPEN system
An OPEN system means that it has INPUTS and
OUTPUTS.
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• http//www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-hydrol
  ogical-cycle/406.html

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Past paper question

• A drainage basin is an open system with four
  elementsinputs, storage, transfers and outputs.
• Describe the movement of water within a drainage
  basin with reference to the four elements above.
• 7 marks

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InputsThe main input to the system is precipitation. The type of precipitation (rain or snow, etc), the intensity, the duration and frequency all have an effect on the amount of water in the system. Each subsystem of the drainage basin system will also have inputs and ouputs, and the output from one stage of the diagram will form the input for another. StorageWater is stored in a drainage basin on the surface in lakes and channels or underground in the groundwater store. Water reaches the groundwater store via the processes of infiltration and percolation. During these processes, some water will be stored in the soil and rock. The amount of water stored will vary depending on the porosity of the soil and on the permeability of the rock. Water can also be temporarily stored via interception. This refers to the storage of water on leaf and plant stems. Dense foliage may result in little water reaching the ground, since it often evaporates from the leaves. InputsThe main input to the system is precipitation. The type of precipitation (rain or snow, etc), the intensity, the duration and frequency all have an effect on the amount of water in the system. Each subsystem of the drainage basin system will also have inputs and ouputs, and the output from one stage of the diagram will form the input for another. StorageWater is stored in a drainage basin on the surface in lakes and channels or underground in the groundwater store. Water reaches the groundwater store via the processes of infiltration and percolation. During these processes, some water will be stored in the soil and rock. The amount of water stored will vary depending on the porosity of the soil and on the permeability of the rock. Water can also be temporarily stored via interception. This refers to the storage of water on leaf and plant stems. Dense foliage may result in little water reaching the ground, since it often evaporates from the leaves. InputsThe main input to the system is precipitation. The type of precipitation (rain or snow, etc), the intensity, the duration and frequency all have an effect on the amount of water in the system. Each subsystem of the drainage basin system will also have inputs and ouputs, and the output from one stage of the diagram will form the input for another. StorageWater is stored in a drainage basin on the surface in lakes and channels or underground in the groundwater store. Water reaches the groundwater store via the processes of infiltration and percolation. During these processes, some water will be stored in the soil and rock. The amount of water stored will vary depending on the porosity of the soil and on the permeability of the rock. Water can also be temporarily stored via interception. This refers to the storage of water on leaf and plant stems. Dense foliage may result in little water reaching the ground, since it often evaporates from the leaves.
TransferThe sum of all the water flowing over the drainage basins surface is called runoff. It is made up of streamflow, which is flow through permanent river channels and overland flow or surface runoff. Overland flow transfers water through the basin either as sheetwash, across the surface, or in tiny channels called rills. Beneath the surface, water is transferred via throughflow, which is the movement of water through the lower soil towards rivers, and groundwater flow. Groundwater flow is typically very slow. Water that has been intercepted by foliage may also be transferred, either directly as throughfall, or by running down branches and stems via stemflow. OutputsThe final release of the water in a drainage basin is known as its output. Typically, rivers flowing into the sea will be the main output of a drainage basin. Some water will also be lost via evapotranspiration. This process refers to direct evaporation, and also to the extend that moisture lost from leaves will result in plants withdrawing water from the soil via their roots. TransferThe sum of all the water flowing over the drainage basins surface is called runoff. It is made up of streamflow, which is flow through permanent river channels and overland flow or surface runoff. Overland flow transfers water through the basin either as sheetwash, across the surface, or in tiny channels called rills. Beneath the surface, water is transferred via throughflow, which is the movement of water through the lower soil towards rivers, and groundwater flow. Groundwater flow is typically very slow. Water that has been intercepted by foliage may also be transferred, either directly as throughfall, or by running down branches and stems via stemflow. OutputsThe final release of the water in a drainage basin is known as its output. Typically, rivers flowing into the sea will be the main output of a drainage basin. Some water will also be lost via evapotranspiration. This process refers to direct evaporation, and also to the extend that moisture lost from leaves will result in plants withdrawing water from the soil via their roots. TransferThe sum of all the water flowing over the drainage basins surface is called runoff. It is made up of streamflow, which is flow through permanent river channels and overland flow or surface runoff. Overland flow transfers water through the basin either as sheetwash, across the surface, or in tiny channels called rills. Beneath the surface, water is transferred via throughflow, which is the movement of water through the lower soil towards rivers, and groundwater flow. Groundwater flow is typically very slow. Water that has been intercepted by foliage may also be transferred, either directly as throughfall, or by running down branches and stems via stemflow. OutputsThe final release of the water in a drainage basin is known as its output. Typically, rivers flowing into the sea will be the main output of a drainage basin. Some water will also be lost via evapotranspiration. This process refers to direct evaporation, and also to the extend that moisture lost from leaves will result in plants withdrawing water from the soil via their roots.
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Factors affecting a drainage basin output

• What factors do you think affect the
  output/discharge of a river basin? (What factors
  make the water flow out faster or slower)
• Can anyone think of an answer?
• Take 2 minutes to discuss and come up with ideas.

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Factors affecting a drainage basin output

• Interception
• Relief
• Soil
• Rock type
• Rock type
• Drainage density
• Other use of the river
• Land use
• Now that you know some of the factors discuss how
  you think each one could affect output.

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Interception

• Water can be intercepted in many different ways
  and this can greatly affect the river basin
  discharge.
• More trees and vegetation means that discharge
  will be decreased as water is stopped and stored.
  

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Relief

• How steep is the land? If it is very steep then
  water will run through the basin quickly and it
  will have a greater discharge. If it is flat then
  the opposite will happen as the water will flow
  gently, reducing discharge.

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Soil

• If the soil is very thin in an area then there
  will be less infiltration (percolation) and
  therefore groundwater flow and through flow will
  happen more quickly leading to a greater
  discharge. If the soil is thick and takes up a
  lot of water then this will mean that the
  discharge is less as it is stored in the soil.

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Rock type

• If the rock type is impermeable (water cant get
  through it granite for example), then you will
  get far more surface run off. This increase the
  speed of water discharge.
• If the rock is permeable chalk for example then
  you will get more through flow and groundwater
  flow, reducing the speed of water discharge.

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Drainage density

• The higher the drainage density the greater the
  discharge.
• The more streams that you have the greater the
  drainage density will be.
• (Drainage density is the total length of all the
  streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by
  the total area of the drainage basin.)

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Drainage density

• (Drainage density is the total length of all the
  streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by
  the total area of the drainage basin.)

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Other use of the river

• If the river is not used for other reasons (by
  humans) then output is generally increased.
• If the river is used for industry, HEP,
  reservoirs, irrigation or domestic use all of
  these will decrease discharge.

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Land use

• If it is urban then there will be an increase of
  tarmac (impermeable layer) and drains which
  increase runoff.
• Urban also means less trees and forestry this
  will mean less trees for interception and exposed
  soil, increasing output speed.

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Land use

• Rural areas mean less tarmac, drains and
  concrete.
• Trees and crops mean more interception decreasing
  output.

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• Lot of vegetation
• Urban area
• Rural area
• HEP station
• Thick soil
• Impermeable rock

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Lesson plenary

• Think, pair, share
• Working in 2s you will answer the following
  questions and be ready to feed back.
• Q1) Is the hydrological cycle of a drainage basin
  a closed or open system?
• Q2) In what ways is water stored in a drainage
  basin.
• Q3) What factors affect the output of a drainage
  basis?

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• Extension work below

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Task 1

• Using your New Higher Geography textbook, page
  12.
• Answer question (a), (b), (c) and (d) in Activity
  2.
• You have 30 minutes to do this

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Task 2

• With the aid of an diagram, describe the
• movement of water within the drainage
• basin system.
• You have 15 minutes to answer this question