Hydrosphere

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Hydrosphere

• Water of the Earth!!

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Water Cycle
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Evaporation liquid water changes into water
vapor. (apply heat) p.1
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Transpiration where plants give off water
vapor p.1
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Evapotranspiration p.1

• evaporation transpiration in one word

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Sublimation solid straight to gas p.1

• Solids that are introduced to high heat over a
  short period of time can skip the liquid phase.
• Typical phase change
• Solid ? Liquid ? Gas
• Sublimation
• Solid ? Gas

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Condensation when water vapor rises into the
atmosphere it cools, then forms clouds. p.2
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Condensation leads To Precipitation p.2

• Rain, sleet, snow any form of water falling to
  earth.

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Water Storage on Earth p.2

• Ice Caps
• Snow
• Oceans
• Lakes
• Ground Water

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Water Budget p.3

• The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration,
  condensing, and precipitation gives us the
  earths water budget.
• Usually is balanced for any given area.
• World Water Budget is not balanced.
• What might be some reasons why?

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Local Water Budgets

• Rain forest
• Desert
• Michigan

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Some places are losing fresh water.
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Water ConservationWhat Can We Do?

• Great Lakes Water Losses
• Be Involved vote for laws to save our Great
  Lakes.

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Bottled Water

• Empty your bottles before you throw them away!
• Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill! That
  water is locked up forever.

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Lower Consumption

• Install water conserving toilets
• Less watering of lawns
• Shorter showers
• Fix leaks
• Turn off water when
• Brushing teeth

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Government Help
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Human Impact
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Quiz
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13.2 River Systems

• Tributaries feeder streams to river system
• Water shed drainage basin
• Divides elevated ground to separate water sheds
• Gully narrow ditch
• Runoff water that is not soaked into soil

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Watershed
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Mississippi River Water Shed
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Great Lakes
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Stream Erosion

• Channel path the steam follows
• Headward erosion process of lengthening and
  branching of stream
• Stream piracy capturing water from other water
  sheds through erosion

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Erosion
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Channel Erosion

• banks edges of stream channel above water
• Bed part of the stream below water level
• Stream Loads materials carried by stream
  including water, soil, rocks, minerals
• Loads
• 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed,
  velocity)
• 2. Bed coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and
  rolls)
• Saltation short jumps
• 3. Dissolved - TDS

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Discharge and Gradient

• Discharge volume of water moved by stream
• Gradient steepness of its slope
• Velocity speed of stream
• Headwaters - beginning

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Niagra Falls
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Frozen Niagra Falls
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Water and Wind Gaps

• Water gap erosion of earth rising causes water
  to need to go uphill
• Ex. Delaware water gap
• Wind gap notch created where water can no
  longer pass

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Stages of a River System

• Youthful rivers rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped
  valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few
  tributaries, less water
• Mature rivers well established tributaries,
  erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders forming,
  oxbow lake
• Old rivers lower gradient, slower, more
  meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion,
  deposits sediments
• Rejuvenated rivers gradient of stream becomes
  steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss.
  River, Tequm lower falls)

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Assignment

• Pg. 251 1-5

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13.3 Stream Deposition

• rocks
• Stones
• Pebbles
• Gravel
• Course sand
• Fine sand
• silt

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Deltas and Alluvial Fans

• Greatest deposition at area stream dumps into
  large body of water
• Delta fan shaped deposit at mouth of river
• Alluvial fan load causing flatten out after a
  step slope
• 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet
• 2. coarse sand and gravel, delta mud
• 3. sloped whereas delta flat

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Flood Deposits

• Floodplain deposits of silt and sand
• Springtime - with snowmelt v evapotranspiration
• Ice jams
• Natural levees deposits silt and sand

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Flood Control

• Indirect methods
• 1. Forestation
• 2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff
• Direct methods
• 1. dam (electric, irrigation, human conception
  and recreation)
• 2. levees
• 3. overflood channels

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Assignment

• Pg. 255 1-5
• Pg. 256-57 1-12

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