Population and Culture Notes

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Population and Culture Notes
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Studying Population

• Demography is the statistical study of human
  populations
• Demography is used to predict future population
  trends to determine where possible population
  increases/decreases will occur

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Population Density

• Average number of people living in a region,
  which is expressed in of people/square mile.
• Populations vary greatly throughout the world
• Landforms
• Climates
• Water availability

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Population Distribution

• How are populations densities spread or
  distributed all over the world?
• Populations are spread unevenly throughout the
  world

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Where do most people live?

• 90 of the world population lives in the Northern
  Hemisphere
• between 20 and 60 degrees North latitude
• In low lands and areas with fertile soil
• Example- river valleys

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Four world population clusters

• East Asia
• South Asia
• Europe
• Eastern North America

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Population Changes

• 3 factors determine population changes
• 1. Birth Rate
• 2. Death Rate
• 3. Migration

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Birth Rate

• Number of live births each year for every 1000
  people in a region

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Death Rate

• Number of deaths each year for every 1000 people
  in a region

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Migration

• Process of moving from one place to live in
  another
• Emigrants
• Immigrants
• Push and Pull Factors
• Refugees

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Natural Increase

• Population changes based solely on the birth and
  death rates

Lowest- North America and Europe
Highest- Africa and Southwest Asia
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• Existing number of people is too large to be
  supported by available resources
• Currently 6.9 billion people on Earth
• Population growing by 80 million each year

Overpopulation
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Future Population

• Population Projections- estimates the future
  population sizes, ages, growth rates
• Demographers use POPULATION PYRAMIDS

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Culture- All the features of a peoples way of life
Language
Fashion
Religion
Dialect
Government/Economies
TV, Movies, Music
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• Culture Trait- activities and behaviors used by
  people
• Culture Region- an area where people have similar
  traits and beliefs
• Ethnic Group- human population which shares
  ancestry and culture traits

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3 causes for Culture Change

• 1. Migration- movement of people and
  goods/services
• 2. War- relocation of people who take their
  culture traits with them.
• 3. Trade- people send a pieces of their culture
  to other places which affect that culture.

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• Acculturation- Individual or group adopts some
  traits to that of another culture (language,
  religion)
• Innovation- new ideas which are accepted by
  culture (baggy pants, Tattoos)
• Diffusion- ideas or innovations spread from one
  person to another and are adopted. (music,
  fashion)

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• Globalization- the process in which connections
  around the world increase and cultures merge
• Traditionalism- cultures which follow longtime
  historical practices or ways of life and who
  sometimes oppose many modern innovations.

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World Language and World Religion
Hello
Hola
Bonjour
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• Dialect- regional variety of language
• Major vs. Minor Language- almost every country in
  the world has a major and a minor language.

"Ya'll"
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Religion

• Ethnic Religion- Focuses on one ethnic group and
  generally spreads into culture
• Animist Religion- People who believe in the
  presence of the spirits and the forces of nature
• Polytheism- belief in many gods
• Monotheism- belief in one god
• Henotheism- belief in one god without denying the
  existence of other gods.

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Examples of Religion

• Ethnic Religion- Jews/Muslims
• Animists- Voodoo
• Polytheism- Hinduism
• Monotheism- Christianity

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• Missionaries- people who help spread religion
  around the world.

Churches
Schools
Water Wells
Developing Countries
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Types of Government

• Autocracy- government run by a single person who
  has unlimited powers (North Korea)
• Totalitarianism- Absolute power
• Absolute Monarchy- King or queen with absolute
  power
• Constitutional Monarchy- King or queen who rules
  along with elected officials and both must abide
  to a constitution (United Kingdom)

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• Oligarchy- Government run by a few powerful
  people (South Africa)
• Communism- Economic and political system in which
  the government controls and owns all the means of
  production. (China)
• Socialism- Free enterprise system of economy in
  which the government owns and controls some of
  the means of production. (Canada)

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• Democracy- Government run by the people, either
  directly or through elected officials or
  representatives. (USA)
• Direct Democracy- citizens participated directly
  in the decision making process
• Representative Democracy- voters elect officials
  to make decisions in their interest
• Republic- Political order in which the power lies
  with the citizens who vote representatives to be
  responsible for some of the decision making
  process (USA)

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Types of Economies

• Market Economy- Economy which the people freely
  choose what to buy and sell
• Free Enterprise- System which lets competition
  among businesses determine the price of a product
• Capitalism- business, industry, and resources are
  privately owned

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• Command Economy- The government decides what to
  produce, where to make it, and what price to sell
  it at
• Traditional or Subsistence Economy- People who
  make goods for themselves and sell whatever they
  have left over

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4 Types of Economic Activities

• 1. Primary- economic activity that uses natural
  resources directly (farming, fishing, mining)
• 2. Secondary- Use of raw materials to produce or
  manufacture something new (wheat to flour, lumber
  to plywood)
• 3. Tertiary- Provides a service to people or
  businesses (teacher, dry cleaner, grocer)
• 4. Quaternary- requires workers to have a
  specialized skill or training (doctor, scientist,
  engineer)

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How to measure the development of a country

• Gross Domestic Product- GDP- Total value of goods
  and services which were built within a country
  per year.
• Gross National Product- GNP- Total value of goods
  and services which a country produces either
  foreign or domestic per year.

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• Industrialization- process by which manufacturing
  based on machine power becomes widespread in an
  area
• Literacy Rate- the percentage of people who can
  read and write in a country (over the age of 15)
• Standard of Living- per capita, education levels,
  food consumption, food production, population
  size, and population prediction.

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More Developed vs. Less Developed
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• More Developed
• richest countries in the world
• high levels of industrialization
• high standard of livings
• High GDP and GNP
• Less than 25 of the worlds populations live in
  these countries.
• They have a lot of infrastructure (all systems of
  transportation including roads, ports,
  highways...)

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Countries of Western Europe
More Developed
Canada
United States
Japan
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• Less Developed
• Worlds poorest countries
• Low standard of living
• Low literacy rates, GNP, GDP
• Majority of world populations lives here
• High government corruption, birth rates, death
  rates, and infant mortality rates.

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Countries of South and Central America
Less Developed Countries
Countries of Africa
Pacific Island Countries
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• Mid Income Countries
• Features of both developed and developing
  countries.
• Usually have modern cities or urban areas but
  poor rural or country areas.
• Mexico
• Thailand
• Brazil
• Malaysia

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3 Types of Boundaries

• 1. Natural Boundary- follow a feature of the
  landscape
• 2. Cultural Boundary- based on a cultural trait
• 3. Geometric Boundary- usually follow a straight
  line with regard to the environment

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Natural Boundary
River, Moutain, Desert
Cultural Boundary
Religious or Tribal
Geometric Boundary
49th parallel- US and Canada Border
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• Domestication- taming of animals
• Urbanization- people moving from rural areas to
  live in urban areas
• Shifting Cultivation- farmers clear trees for
  planting fields which are farmed for a few years
  until the soil is depleted of its nutrients and
  then it is abandoned.
• Subsistence Agriculture- growing enough for your
  needs
• World Cities- most important centers of economic
  power and wealth (NYC, Tokyo, London)

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• Nationalism- Feelings of pride and loyalty for
  ones own country
• Terrorism- the use of fear and violence as a
  political force
• United Nations- representatives from almost every
  country discuss international issues (goal-
  prevent war)
• World Trade Organization- works to make trade
  between countries fair and organized.