HHD Revision Notes

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HHD Revision Notes

• UNIT THREE
• AOS 2
• PROMOTING HEALTH IN
• AUSTRALIA.

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A bit of history

• Old Public health up to late 1800s saw a period
  of sanitary reform and control of conditions to
  manage infectious diseases.
• Biomedical approach in the 1900s saw a shift to a
  greater dependence on medical science and its
  role in preventing diagnosing treating illness.
  Health care during this era was based on the idea
  that every illness had a cure. It was the fix
  it approach.
• Preventative approach (new public health) in the
  1970s saw an increased awareness about the role
  lifestyles factors play in influencing our
  health. It had become clear that many deaths were
  due to preventable causes.

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Social Model of Health.

• This is an approach to health care that sees
  health disease as a result of social processes.
• There is an understanding that there are a range
  of factors that influence an individuals health
  such as access to health care, work, diet,
  physical activity, housing socio-economic
  state.
• It refers to the organised response by society to
  protect promote health and prevent illness,
  injury disease.
• It encourages individuals to take more
  responsibility for their own health well being
  through adopting healthier lifestyles.
• While the biomedical model of health is still
  dominant it is now paired with preventative
  strategies.

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Biomedical approach.

• Focuses on the medical profession.
• Aims to treat the physical or biological aspect
  of the disease.
• Involves diagnosis intervention.
• Fix it model
• Examples include X-rays, blood tests, surgery
  chemotherapy.

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Preventative approach.

• Focuses on preventing illness from occurring or
  returning.
• Considers all components of health.
• Promotes healthy lifestyles.
• The main aim is to stop people becoming ill in
  the first place or to detect illness at the
  earliest possible time.

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Types of preventive health care.

• PRIMARY
• Prevent the onset of illness
• Through education awareness
• Eg. TAC Ads.
• SECONDARY
• Focuses on detection treatment at the earliest
  time
• Often directed people who are at risk
• Eg. Mammogram
• TERTIARY
• Involves treatment, rehabilitation support who
  already suffer from disease.
• Aimed at increasing quality of life.
• Eg. Counselling for a mental illness.

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Ottawa Charter.

• This is a document that outlines action to
  achieve health for all by the year 2000 and
  beyond.
• It identified the fundamental conditions
  resources needed for health.
• These included
• peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable
  ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice
  equity.

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Ottawa Charter.

• The five key elements of the charter are
• 1. Build Healthy Public Policy.
• health care policy
• 2. Create supportive environments.
• Taking care of each other, our communities
  environment.
• 3. Strengthen Community action.
• Communities working together.
• 4. Develop personal skills.
• Individuals gaining skills knowledge.
• 5. Reorient Health Services.
• Health promotion.

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Ottawa Charter.
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Structure of our Health system.

• Three levels of Government
• Commonwealth (Federal)
• Medicare PBS
• Develops policies like NHPAS
• National/International health issues
• State
• Operates the bulk of health services like
  hospitals
• Plans delivers health care
• Looks after the environment
• Local
• Clean public areas
• Garbage collection
• Meals on wheels

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Values of our Health system.

• Principle of equity
• Free Choice
• Health promotion
• Accessibility
• Universality
• Efficiency
• Simplicity
• Affordability
• Quality of Care

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Medicare Private health Insurance.

• Medicare
• A tax payer funded health insurance scheme.
• Aims to provide access to health for all.
• Funded by a 1.5 levy on taxable income.
• Private Health Insurance
• A patient pays.
• Enables access to private hospitals own choice
  of doctor.
• Government rebate (30)

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NHPAs.

• National Health Priority Areas.
• Focus on factors that contribute most to the
  morbidity mortality of Australians.
• Are selected because significant gains can be
  made in these areas.

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NHPAs

1. Cardiovascular Disease
2. Cancer
3. Injury
4. Mental health
5. Diabetes
6. Asthma
7. Arthritis musculoskeletal conditions

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Family
Household influence.

• The family has the most influence on what a
  person eats.
• The family shapes the individuals knowledge of
  food nutrition.
• Parents provide nearly all the food resources for
  children.
• Rules guidelines in relation to eating times,
  frequency, eating place, what foods.
• Establish clear ideas of acceptable eating
  patterns.
• Culture, family size structure may also have an
  influence.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Economics,
availability Advertising.

• The national economy influences the range of
  foods imported exported and affects the
  availability to the population.
• Families need to consider the price of food.
• Availability of foods increased due to culture
  migration.
• Accessibility of foods can be an issue.
• Advertising may have some influence on food
  choice.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Perceptions
Knowledge.

• Individuals knowledge of the health effects of
  food will impact on food choice.
• Individuals usually gain most of their
  nutritional knowledge from family or school
• Information on packages is another good source.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Technology.

• Advances in technology have influenced the range
  of food available.
• Scientific advances have enabled better quality
  products with greater nutritional value.
• Genetically engineered foods.
• Convenience fast food.
• Technology in the kitchen has provided
  individuals with the ability to prepare
  nutritious meals quickly.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Lifestyle
factors.

• These include
• Work school commitments.
• Recreation leisure activities.
• Social personal role.
• All these factors interact to shape an
  individuals familys lifestyle.
• Examples include working parent and peer
  influence.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Capacity to
change.

• Many individuals can be resistant to change
  because it involves
• Acquiring new knowledge concepts
• Learning to accept new ingredients etc.
• Learning new methods of preparation.
• Lack of motivation could also be a factor.

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Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.

• It was funded by the Commonwealth Department of
  Health Family Services as part of the National
  Food Nutrition Policy in 1992.
• It is based on the dietary guidelines ad RDIs.
• The information contained in the guide discusses
  the 5 food groups, serve sizes, nutritional
  requirements, sample serves, diet patterns and
  child adult information.
• It aims to encourage people to choose a healthy
  nutritious diet by making the decision making
  process less complicated.
• The basic principles for choosing a healthy diet
  are based on what makes an individuals body grow
  well, perform at its best avoid illness.

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Dietary Guidelines.

• The guidelines provide advice to the general
  population about healthy food choices, so that
  their everyday eating patterns put them at
  minimal risk of developing diet related diseases.
• The healthy eating habits encouraged by the
  guidelines can help reduce the risk of health
  problems such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes
  and obesity.
• The guidelines summarise current nutritional
  knowledge based an the relationship between diet
  disease, nutrients available in the Australian
  food supply and the mortality morbidity rates
  in Australia.

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Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults.
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Eat Well Australia.

• The vision of EWA is that by 2010 the
  nutrition-related health of all Australians will
  be measurably improved, with marked improvements
  for indigenous Australians other vulnerable
  groups.
• It is a coherent national approach to the
  underlying causes of preventable diet related
  illnesses early death, providing a set of
  inter-linked iniativtives for the preventions
  management of these diseases.
• Examples of strategic action include promoting
  fruit vegie consumption and encouraging healthy
  weight and food nutrition across various sections
  of the population.

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The role of Non Government agencies.

• There are a number of non-government agencies
  that provide dietary advice to promote healthy
  eating.
• NUTRITION AUSTRALIA
• Australias primary community nutrition education
  body.
• Healthy Eating Pyramid.
• THE HEART FOUNDATION
• Improve heart health of Australians
• Tick program