Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

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Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

• Political, Economic, Military Cooperation

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The survival of States is Threatened

• By the trend toward self-determination as an
  expression of unique cultural identity
• And the trend toward globalization, as states
  transfer authority to regional organizations like
  NAFTA, UN, NATO

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United Nations

• Established after WW2 to prevent a third world
  war
• 49 original members, 192 by 2007
• Members increased on 3 occasions- 1955, 1960, and
  1990s
• 55- countries liberated from Nazi Germany
• 60- Newly independent nations in Africa
• 90s- From the breakup of USSR/Yugoslavia,
  microstates

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United Nations

• League of Nations 1st attempt at peacekeeping-
  failed
• UN can establish peacekeeping force- but relies
  on voluntary contributions of troops from members
• 5 permanent members of the Security Council have
  vetoes- US, Russia, UK France, China- during Cold
  War vetoes used to prevent intervention (except
  Korea)

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United Nations

• China, France, Russia vetoed UN action to remove
  Saddam Hussein- 2003
• UN Peacekeepers- maintain neutrality, operate in
  E. Europe, Middle East, Africa
• Sometimes ineffective because states
  contribution of troops voluntary
• UN- for the first time, all states can meet and
  vote before resorting to war.

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Regional Military Alliances

• After WW2, world divided between 2 superpowers-
  USA and USSR. Before, many superpowers- no one
  dominated
• Balance of Power- roughly equal strength between
  opposing alliances
• Weaker states became ally or satellite of two
  powers
• Acquiring an ally added power and took it away
  from the enemy

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Era of 2 Superpowers

• Both powers used military force to control their
  allies
• USSR invaded Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan
• USA invaded Grenada, Dominican Republic, Panama
• Both powers established military bases in other
  countries to respond quickly/ maintain strength

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• Cuban Missile Crisis

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Military Cooperation

• 2 alliances- NATO and Warsaw Pact
• NATO- (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- US,
  Canada, 14 European states. France, Spain
  members but did not contribute troops. Goal-
  prevent USSR from invading Germany
• 7 members of Warsaw Pact- invaded Hungary and
  Czechoslovakia. Goal- prevent a third German
  invasion of Russia

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Military Cooperation

• NATO, W. Pact now obsolete- NATO troops sharply
  reduced, but membership expanded into former
  Warsaw Pact countries. Membership provides
  security against Russian invasion
• W. Pact disbanded
• OSCE- Organization of Security and Cooperation in
  Europe- includes Russia, Goal- ending conflict in
  Europe

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Military Cooperation

• OAS- Organization of American States- all 35
  states in W. hemisphere. Goal- promotes
  economic, social, political, and cultural links
• Cuba a member but suspended in 1962
• AU- African Union- 53 countries- promotes
  economic integration of Africa. Replaced OAU
  which opposed Apartheid

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British Commonwealth

• Includes UK and 53 other former British colonies.
  Goal- economic and cultural cooperation

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Economic Cooperation

• Since end of Cold War in 1992, world has returned
  to more than 2 powers like before WW2
• 2 Key differences- 1. Most important elements of
  state power are now economic instead of military
• 2. Leading power is not a single state, but the
  EU a collection of states

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European Union

• AKA EEC, Common market, established in 1958-
  Goal- heal wounds of WW2
• Main task of EU is to promote development within
  member states through economic cooperation
• Has removed international barriers to trade-
  goods, services, and people can move freely
  throughout Europe
• The Euro has removed differences in prices,
  interest rates, and made the EU economy the
  wealthiest in the world

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German Nation

• Flashback- Germany emerged as a nation-state in
  1871- Otto von Bismarck forced German kingdoms
  into his Prussian dominated German Empire
• Did not get all German speaking areas of Europe
• Germany punished after WW1, lost territory,
  arbitrary borders- fragmented state

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German Nation

• Nazi takeovers of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria
  justified as attempts to rebuild German
  nation-state
• After WW2, Germany carved into 4 zones- US, UK,
  France, USSR
• 3 zones reunited, Soviet zone became E. Germany
• 1990- E. Germany absorbed

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Why has Terrorism Increased?

• Terrorism- systematic use of violence by a group
  in order to intimidate a population or coerce a
  government into granting its demands
• Violence is seen as necessary to bring attention
  to problems not being addressed through peaceful
  means
• Terrorism is applied to actions by groups rather
  than official governments, although some states
  provide support for terrorists

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Terrorism

• Differs from assassination because civilians are
  targets, not political leaders or the military
• Terrorists consider all citizens responsible for
  the actions being opposed, so they are all legit
  targets.
• Distinguishing terrorism from political violence
  is difficult- is a suicide bombing a terrorist
  attack or an act of war? Depends on your
  perspective.

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Terrorist Attacks

• 1988- Pan Am 103 shot down
• 1993- WTC bomb
• 1995- Oklahoma City
• 1998- US embassies in E. Africa
• 2000- USS Cole
• 2001- 9/11

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American Terrorists

• Timothy McVeigh executed for Oklahoma City-
  motivated by FBI attack in Waco, TX
• Theodore (Ted) Kaczynski- (Unabomber) sent bombs
  through the mail over 17 years- academics in
  technology and businessmen harming the
  environment

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Unabombers homemade gun
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9/11

• 4 planes, 19 hijackers, 3,000 deaths
• Al-Qaeda means the foundation
• Bin Laden family became rich through close
  connections to the Saudi royal family
• Osama bin Laden used his inheritance to fund Al
  Qaeda
• Moved to Afghanistan in 1980s to help fight
  Soviets

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9/11

• A 1998 fatwa, or religious decree, bin Laden
  argued all Muslims had a religious duty to wage a
  holy war (jihad) against US citizens because the
  US is responsible for
• 1. Maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of
  Saudi Arabia
• 2. Supporting a Jewish state of Israel

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9/11

• Estimated 20,000 members, isolated autonomous
  cells
• Sleeper cell- blend into normal society, hold
  jobs, wait for orders.
• Other extremist organizations take the brand
  name Al Qaeda as a symbol of legitimacy

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State Support for Terrorism

• Three levels of support
• 1. Providing sanctuary
• 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence
• 3. Planning attacks using terrorists

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Libya

• Accused of sponsoring a bombing of a nightclub in
  Berlin
• PanAm flight 103
• US bombed Libya in response
• Qaddafi renounced terrorism and agreed to provide
  compensation to families- 2003
• 3 states have been accused by US of supporting
  terrorism since 9/11- Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran

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Afghanistan

• 1973- Afghan king overthrown
• 1978- Govt established that sympathized w/ USSR
• USSR invaded after mujahedeen (holy warriors)
  rebelled against govt (1979)
• USSR withdrew in 1989, govt collapsed in 1992
• 1995- Taliban gained control of country
• They sheltered Al Qaeda

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Iraq

• While most states supported Afghan invasion, few
  supported invasion of Iraq
• Saddam Hussein took power in 79
• 1980- 8 year war with Iran- stalemate
• Nuclear reactor blown up in 1981 by Israel
• 1988- 5000 Kurds die by poison gas
• 1990- Iraq invades Kuwait
• 1991- Desert Storm

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Iraq

• While almost the entire UN supported Desert
  Storm, few supported US invasion in 2003 to
  remove Saddam Hussein
• Why? 1991 was to end an unjustified invasion.
  2003 no one believed Hussein still possessed
  weapons of mass destruction or intended to use
  them.
• US assessment was based on faulty intelligence
• US assertion that Iraq had ties to Al-Qaeda was
  false

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Iraq

• Ruling Baath party based on pan-Arabism- 1 Arab
  nation sharing oil wealth
• Philosophy not derived from religion like
  Al-Qaeda
• So US changed justification to Saddam is a bad
  man and needs to be removed- regime change
• Other countries believe you dont violate
  sovereignty simply because you dont like the
  leader
• Kurds support US, Sunnis, Shiites oppose US
  invasion

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Iran

• 1979- Revolution overthrows Shah as people
  demanded more democracy
• Replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini who declared Iran
  an Islamic republic and made himself dictator
• Seized US embassy in 1979 and hels 62 Americans
  hostage until 1981
• Fought 8 year war w/ Iran over Shatt al-Arab, 1.5
  million dead,

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