The cell review

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The cell review
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Cell membrane Structure

• Phospholipids

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Cell membrane

• Proteins
• Transport
• Enzymes
• Cell recognition
• Receptors
• Joining
• Cytoskeleton

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Fig. 7-7
Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM)
Carbohydrate
Glyco- protein
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE
Cholesterol
Microfilaments of cytoskeleton
Peripheral proteins
Integral protein
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE
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Transport

• Passive
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated diffusion
• Active
• Bulk transport
• Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated

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Concentrations

• Isotonic
• Hypotonic
• Hypertonic

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Fig. 7-13
Hypotonic solution
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
(a) Animal cell
Lysed
Normal
Shriveled
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
(b) Plant cell
Turgid (normal)
Flaccid
Plasmolyzed
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Fig. 7-12
Higher concentration of sugar
Lower concentration of solute (sugar)
Same concentration of sugar
H2O
Selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
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Cell signaling

• Direct contact
• Local
• Long distance

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Cell signaling

• Reception
• Transduction
• Response

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Fig. 11-6-3
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
CYTOPLASM
Plasma membrane
Transduction
Response
Reception
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Receptor
Activation of cellular response
Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway
Signaling molecule
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Reception

• Ligand
• Intracellular receptors
• Ion channels
• G-protein
• Tyrosine Kinases

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Transduction

• Protein kinases
• Protein phosphatases
• Second messengers
• cAMP
• Adenylyl cyclase
• Calcium
• Phospholipase C
• IP3

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Fig. 11-14
Growth factor
Reception
Receptor
Phosphorylation cascade
Transduction
CYTOPLASM
Inactive transcription factor
Active transcription factor
Response
P
DNA
Gene
NUCLEUS
mRNA
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Fig. 11-15
Reception
Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled
receptor (1 molecule)
Transduction
Inactive G protein
Active G protein (102 molecules)
Inactive adenylyl cyclase
Active adenylyl cyclase (102)
ATP
Cyclic AMP (104)
Inactive protein kinase A
Active protein kinase A (104)
Inactive phosphorylase kinase
Active phosphorylase kinase (105)
Inactive glycogen phosphorylase
Active glycogen phosphorylase (106)
Response
Glycogen
Glucose-1-phosphate (108 molecules)