Chapter 8

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Chapter 8 A New Nation
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Chapter 8-1Washington Takes Office

• Essential Question How did President Washington
  set the course for the new nation?

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Terms and People

• inauguration a ceremony in which the President
  takes the oath of office
• precedent an example to be followed by others
  in the future
• bond a certificate issued by a government for
  an amount of money that the government promises
  to pay back with interest
• speculator a person who invests in a risky
  venture in the hope of making a large profit

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Terms and People (continued)

• unconstitutional contrary to what is permitted
  by the Constitution
• tariff a tax on imported goods

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How did President Washington set the course for
the new nation?
President Washington set precedents for the
nation by choosing top advisors to form his
Cabinet and by establishing the court system.
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In April of 1789, George Washington began his
term as the first President of the United States.
Washingtons inauguration was held on April 30,
1789, in New York City.
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Washington had several reasons to feel anxious as
he started his term as President.
The country was divided on many issues.
His actions would set a precedent.
The new nation depended on him.
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The first job of the President and the Congress
was to put a working government in place.
Congress passed laws to set up the three
departments of the executive branch.
Treasury
War
State
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Washington appointed four well-known men as his
top advisors. This group later became known as
the Cabinet.
Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the treasury
Thomas Jefferson Secretary of state
Henry Knox Secretary of war
Edmund Randolph Attorney general advise president on legal matters
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Washington also set up a judiciary, or court
system in the Judiciary Act of 1789 Main
job of the courts to hear appeals from state
courts
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Washington also faced the challenge of Americas
significant debt.
The American colonies needed money for the war.
The new government owed money to its investors.
Americans and foreigners bought bonds to help the
war effort.
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The nations economic crisis was complicated by
the issue of speculators.
Speculators had bought bonds from the original
buyers for less than they were worth.
If the government paid its debt, speculators
would make a profit. Many Americans thought this
was unfair.
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The new government was not collecting enough
money to repay its debt. It needed new sources of
income.
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Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton
developed a plan to solve the financial crisis.
Pay all federal and state debts
The government would
Create a national bank
Impose a tax on imported goods
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Many southerners opposed Hamiltons plan for the
government to repay state debts.
Southerners supported Hamilton after Congress
agreed to build the new capital city closer to
the South.
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In 1791, Congress created the National Bank.
Americans disagreed over whether the Constitution
gave government this power.

• The creation of a national bank would
• Provide a safe place for the government to
  deposit their funds.
• Be able to issue a national currency in the form
  of paper money.

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Congress did not pass Hamiltons tariff plan. In
1791, it imposed a tax on all U.S. whiskey.

• This led to a farmers revolt known as the
  Whiskey Rebellion.
• Many backcountry farmers turned their leftover
  corn crops into whiskey which is why they were so
  unhappy with the tax.
• Washington sent troops to end the revolt which
  showed Americans that rebellion would not be
  tolerated in this country.

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8- 2Early Political Parties
Essential Question How did two political parties
emerge?
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Terms and People

• faction an organized political group
• James Madison supported Thomas Jeffersons
  Republican views
• Thomas Jefferson Republican candidate for
  President in 1796 and the nations second Vice
  President
• Alexander Hamilton Washingtons Secretary of
  the Treasury supported Federalist ideas

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Terms and People (continued)

• Alexander Hamilton Washingtons Secretary of
  the Treasury supported Federalist ideas
• John Adams Federalist candidate for President
  in 1796 and the nations second President

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How did two political parties emerge?
Early political groups were called factions. They
were widely thought to be selfish groups. James
Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson
were against factions.
Washington and others feared that factions would
be destructive to the new government.
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However, by the 1790s, Thomas Jefferson and
Alexander Hamilton were quarreling and growing
apart.
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury
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Jeffersons and Hamiltons differences led to the
development of the first political parties.
Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson and his
ally, James Madison.
Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton and his
ideas.
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The Republicans wanted to keep most power at the
state or local level.
Federal government
States
They feared that a strong central government
would act like a monarchy. They received most of
their support from southern planters and northern
farmers and artisans. Thomas Jefferson resigned
as Secretary of State in 1793.
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The Federalists said that the United States
needed a strong federal government.
They believed the federal government would hold
the country together and deal with its
problems. Supported by most Northerners
merchants, property owners, and workers who were
in manufacturing and trade.
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The two parties also had geographic differences.
Federalists were strong among Northern merchants.
Republicans were supported largely by Southern
farmers.
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Federalists and Republicans disagreed about many
issues.
Republicans Federalists
Were led by Thomas Jefferson Were led by Alexander Hamilton
Believed people should have political power Believed wealthy and educated should lead
Favored strong state government Favored strong central government
Emphasized agriculture Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade
Favored strict interpretation of Constitution Favored looser interpretation of Constitution
Close ties with the French Close ties with the British
Opposed national bank Favored national bank
Opposed protective tariff Favored protective tariff
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In 1796, Washington said he would not seek a
third term. There would be an election.
Both political parties nominated a candidate.
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In 1796, the President and Vice President were
not elected together, as they are today.
The candidate with the most votes became
President.
The second-place candidate became Vice President.
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Adams finished first and Jefferson finished
second. The nation gained a Federalist President
and a Republican Vice President.
This led to serious tensions during the next four
years.
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8-3 Washington and Foreign Policy
Essential Question How did the actions of the
British and French affect the United States?
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Terms and People

• neutral not favoring either side in a dispute
• impressment forcing people into public service
  or use
• John Jay government representative who
  negotiated the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1795.
  Brian is awesome swag yolo so is Laura lol
  freemishmacka

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• After the American Revolution, Great Britain
  still had forts set up west of the Appalachian
  Mountains.
• They promised to remove this within a reasonable
  time.
• However, 10 years after the Revolution, the forts
  were still intact.

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Britain was supporting Native American attacks on
American settlers by providing them with guns and
ammunition to stop westward expansion
Britain and France were seizing American ships to
gain their support.
Washington secured the Northwest Territory and
encouraged Americans to stay neutral in European
affairs.
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The Treaty of Paris gave America a vast area
called the Northwest Territory.
Mississippi River
Ohio River
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British troops remained in the Northwest
Territory. They aided Native Americans in
resisting American settlement.
Northwest Territory
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America faced conflict with Native Americans in
the Northwest Territory.
Native Americans wanted to keep their lands.
American leaders wanted to settle the West.
They attacked many American settlements.
They tried to force Native Americans to sell
their lands.
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Washington sent troops to end the Native American
attacks on settlers.
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In the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, Native American
leaders gave up most of their lands.
This land makes up present-day Ohio.
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The French Revolution began in 1789. At first,
most Americans supported the revolution.
During the Reign of Terror, revolutionaries
executed more than 17,000 people.
After this, the revolution became controversial
in America.
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Federalists, led by Hamilton, felt that the
Revolutionaries were too violent and called the
revolution a bloodthirsty monster.
Republicans, led by Jefferson, believed that some
injustices were to be expected in a fight for
freedom.
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To make matters worse, by 1793, France and
Britain were at war. Washington wanted America to
remain neutral.
But both countries wanted the United States to
choose a side. They began seizing cargo from
American ships.
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The British further complicated the situation by
the impressment of sailors on American ships.
They captured American sailors and forced them to
serve in the British navy.
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Hamilton urged Washington to stay friendly with
Britain.
Britain purchased 75 percent of American exports.
They supplied 90 percent of American imports.
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Washington sent John Jay to Britain. In 1795, Jay
returned with the Jay Treaty.
America agreed to
Britain agreed to

• pay for seized ships

• pay debts owed to British merchants

• leave the Northwest territory

• stop aiding Native Americans

Britain did not agree to recognize the United
States right to trade with France and refused to
stop impressment of U.S. sailors.
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The Jay Treaty was controversial.
Republicans opposed the treaty. They believed it
gave too much to Britain and too little to
America.
Federalists were in favor of the treaty because
it kept peace with Britain.
Since Federalists controlled the Senate, the Jay
Treaty passed.
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In 1796, Washington published his Farewell
Address to fellow Americans.
Washington made two main points

1. He feared that political divisions would tear the
   nation apart.

• He believed that the United States should not
  become involved in European affairs.

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Washington took pride in his accomplishments.
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Chapter 8-4 Adams AdministrationEssential
Question How did problems with France intensify
the split between the Federalists and Republicans?
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Terms and People

• alien an outsider or someone from another
  country
• sedition activity designed to overthrow a
  government
• nullify to deprive of legal force

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How did problems with France intensify the split
between the Federalists and the Republicans?
John Adams succeeded Washington as President in
1796.
Adams immediately faced a crisis over relations
with France.
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Recent actions by American leaders provoked angry
responses from the French people.
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In 1797, Adams sent a mission to France. This led
to a scandal known as the XYZ Affair.
French agents demanded that the United States pay
them a large bribe.
bribe
The Americans refused. The French agents were
anonymously known as X, Y, and Z.
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The XYZ Affair caused war fever in America.
Adams asked Congress to increase the size of the
army and rebuild the navy.
From 17981800, the United States fought an
undeclared naval war with France.
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Adams opposed a full-scale war with France.
In 1800, Napoleon agreed to stop seizing American
ships. Adams had avoided war.
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In 1798, war fever drove Federalists to pass laws
to destroy their political opponents.
The Sedition Act targeted Republicans.
The Alien Act was directed at aliens, such as
immigrants.
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• Increased the duration, from 5 to 14 years, that
  a person had to live in the United States to
  become a citizen.

• Gave the President power to deport or imprison
  any alien considered dangerous.

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• The harshest law limiting free speech ever passed
  in the United States

• Made it a crime for anyone to write or say
  anything insulting or false about the President,
  Congress, or the government.

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Republicans fought the Alien and Sedition acts.
Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions that
declared the acts unconstitutional. These state
resolutions had little immediate impact, but the
Alien and Sedition acts did not last long.
The Sedition Act expired in 1801.
The waiting period to become a citizen was
restored to 5 years in 1802.