Final Exam Review

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Final Exam Review

• Semester 2

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TEST COVERS the following units

1. Russian Revolution
2. Age of Anxiety
3. World War II
4. Gandhi
5. Cold War
6. Middle East/Current Events

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Russian Revolution

• Lenin builds an Empire
• 1917-1924

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Russian Revolution
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Road to Revolution
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
Nicholas II (Rules 1894-1917)
Poor Performance
Bloody Sunday (1905)
World War I (1914)
Duma Established 1906
Unprepared
Dissolves Duma
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Russia During World War I

• Morale very low
• Soldiers deserting the Army
• Economy is very weak
• High prices, shortages, etc
• Bolsheviks demanding change at home
• Nicholas II headquarters at front in WWI

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Bolsheviks

• Russian Marxist group that wanted reform
• Leader Vladimir Lenin
• Fled Russia in early 1900s to
  avoid arrest

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TIMELINE
Lenin takes power in 1917
Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
Russia falls into Civil War 1918-20
15 million people die! (war, famine, disease)
Economy destroyed!
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Communism Theory vs Reality
Karl Marx
Wrote Communist Manifesto 1848
Predicted the collapse of capitalism

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Stalin Wrap-Up

• Rules until his death in 1953
• USSR becomes much stronger military
• Majority of Russians live in poverty
• Totalitarian Government which rules by fear
• Fights with USA in World War II
• After WWII, USSR becomes enemy of USA
• Cold war starts 1945-1990

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Age of Anxiety

• 1919-1939

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Early 20th Century The world experiments with
NEW ways to govern society.
Democracy Capitalism
Totalitarianism
Socialism
Nazism Fascism Communism
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ISMs of the 20th Century
End of World War I leads to the rise of
Totalitarian Ideologies

1. Socialism
2. Totalitarianism
3. Fascism
4. Nazism
5. Communism

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Results of Great Depression
Around the World

• European countries were just beginning to
  recover from World War I
• The U.S. economy hurt the GLOBAL economy.
• Japanese Economy begins to suffer
• Helps Hitler assume power in Germany

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Hitlers Dance

• 1935-- Rearmament begins in Germany
• 1936-- Moves into the Rhineland
• 1938 -- Seize Austria demands Sudetenland
• 1938-- Munich Conference

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Nonaggression Pact
Hitler Stalins

• 1939 10-year pact signed
• Secretly agree to divide Poland
• other countries promised to Stalin
• Hitler was assured there would be no attack from
  the east. (USSR)

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Appeasement
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World War II

• 1939-1945

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World War II
Battle of Stalingrad Operation Torch
Battle of Britain
Pearl Harbor
D-Day
Poland Invasion
lt-------------------------------------------------
gt
1939 1940 1941 1942
1943 1944 1945
Invasion Soviet Union
France Falls
Battle of Midway
Germany Surrenders
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3-Theatres of War European, African Pacific
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Two Front War

• U.S. Great Britain concentrate on Southern
  Europe Northern Africa
• Soviet Union fight on its own against Germany
  on eastern front
• U.S. will continue fight against Japan

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Hitlers Plan

• Step 1 Immigration tried to export Jews
  to other countries
• Britain 80,000 U.S. 100,000 France 25,000
• Latin America 40,000
• Step 2 Ghettos Hitler turned to isolation
  as immigration proved limited
• Step 3 Final Solution- moved Jews to
  concentration camps and began mass killings

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The Final Numbers

• 6,000,000 Jewish deaths
• Original Population Killed
• Poland 3,300,000 3,000,000
• Soviet Union 2,850,000 1,252,000
• Hungary 650,000 450,000
• Romania 600,000 300,000
• Germany 240,000 200,000

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Can we Learn From History?

Goal Long lasting Peace
To do list Countries need new Borders New
Governments New League of Nations Countries need
to be rebuilt Trials for War Crimes for Nazi
Leaders
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Communist Triumph in China

• Civil War leads to Communism
• 1920-1950

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China Summary

• Chinese society was based on tradition
• Western influence was forced and came late to
  China
• Opium War of 1839 changes China
• China fall into civil war 1900-1950 as Qing
  dynasty collapses

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1946-49 Civil War
1950-1958 Maos Communism
1958-61 The Great Leap
Mao loses power
1966-76 Cultural Revolution
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Communist China Summary

• Economic failure
• Few advances in technology industry
• Today, China is finally starting to catch up
  with industrialized countries
• China is using Capitalism to get their economy to
  grow today

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Mohandas Gandhi

• Indian Independence

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Before Gandhi India Summary

• A history of being ruled by outsiders
• Strong religious tension between dominant Hindu
  population and Muslims
• Did not truly push for independence until after
  World War I
• Amritsar Massacre was the turning point in
  independence movement

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Gandhis Influence

• 1920 Indian National Congress endorses civil
  disobedience (non-violence) as means to achieve
  independence
• 1924 Gandhi assume the Presidency of the Indian
  National Congress
• Gandhi never OFFICIALLY held political office!

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Mahatma in India

• 1919 Protested Rowlett Acts
• 1922 Ended campaign after riots
• 1930 Led salt march
• 1932 Fasted to protest caste system
• 1947 Fasted to end violence
• 1948 Assassinated by Hindu extremist

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The Cold War Expands1946-1949
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IRON CURTAIN
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American Foreign Policy
Containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
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1) Containment and Brinkmanship 1945-69

2) Détente 1970s
3) Renewed Arms Race 1980s
4) Collapse of Soviet Union 1990

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Conflicts of Cold War
1945-46 Iron Curtain 1948 Berlin
Airlift 1949 Soviets test Nuclear
Bomb 1950-53 Korean War 1960-73 Vietnam
War 1959 Cuban Communist Revolution 1960 U-2
Incident 1961 Berlin Wall Built 1962 Cuban
Missile Crisis
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Some Factors in the collapse of Soviet Union

• Overall, very poor economy
• Flawed economic system (communism)
• Could not compete with USA in the Arms Race
• Invasion of Afghanistan caused financial hardship
• Rebellions in Iron Curtain Countries Soviet
  Republics
• Falling oil prices in 1980s drastically lowered
  income

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Middle East Current Events
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9/11th raises tension in the Middle East
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Immigration to Palestine

• The Balfour Declaration (1917) started large
  scale immigration to Palestine
• British LIMIT size of Jewish immigration
• Palestinians feared being outnumbered
• Promised to not infringe rights of non-Jewish
  population

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Arab States Partition

• Arab states immediately oppose partition
• Islamic countries all voted against the U.N.
  partition
• May 14th 1948 Israel is officially formed
• The surrounding Arab states refuse to recognize
  Israel

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Arab-Israeli Wars

• 1st War in 1948, followed by
• 1956 Suez Crisis
• 1967 Six-Day War
• 1973 War

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Saudi Arabia
Leader King Faud
Government Monarchy Established 1932 Populat
ion 23 Million Relation to USA
Friendly---based on Oil Military

• Challenges
• Islamic extremist groups within country
• USA has military bases in Saudi Arabia
• Government is repressive
• Has more Oil than any other country

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Iran

• - Complex Government Islamic Republic
• President is elected
• Religious leader Ayatollah has significant
  power
• - Govt established in 1979 after Iranian
  Revolution which overthrew Shah

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

• Other Information
• Iranians are not Arabs (Persians)
• Currently developing Nuclear Technology
• US Europe is attempting to find a diplomatic
• solution

Spiritual Leader Ayatollah Khamenei
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IRAQ

• Saddam Hussein leader 1979-2003
• US invasion forces him out in 2003
• 2006 Democratic Government Formed

• Challenges
• Diverse Population Shia, Sunni Kurds
• Extremist Elements do not want Democracy\
• Civil War is possible
• Security is currently very poor in Iraq
• USA hopes to reduce troop levels late in 2006