Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

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Introduction to EN 1991(Eurocode 1 Actions on
structures)

• Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas
• Director of Design and Studies of Road Projects
• Ministry of Infrastructures, Transports and
  Networks - GREECE
• Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC1

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LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES
Structural safety, serviceability and
durability
EN 1990
Actions on structures
EN 1991
EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 EN 1995 EN
1996 EN 1999
Design and detailing
Geotechnical and Seismic design
EN 1998
EN 1997
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Past and future of the EN 1991 (and the other
Eurocodes)
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Parts and implementation of EN 1991
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Partitioning of the NDPs among the Eurocodes
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Types of NDPs in the Eurocodes

• Type 1 Value (s) of (a) parameter (s).Type 2
  Reference to some set of values table (s).Type
  3 Acceptance of the recommended procedure,
  choice of calculation approach, when alternatives
  are given, or introduction of a new
  procedure.Type 4 Country specific data
  (geographical, climatic, etc.). Type 5 Optional
  National chart (s) or table (s) of a
  parameter.Type 6 Diagram (s).Type 7
  References to non-contradictory complementary
  information to assist the user to apply the
  Eurocodes.Type 8 Decisions on the application
  of informative annexes.   Type 9 Provision of
  further, more detailed information. Type 10
  Reference to information

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EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight, imposed
loads for buildings

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Classification of actions
• Section 3 Design situations
• Section 4 Densities of construction and stored
  materials
• Section 5 Self-weight of construction works
• Section 6 Imposed loads on buildings
• Annex A (informative) Tables for nominal
  density of construction materials, and nominal
  density and angles of repose for stored
  materials.
• Annex B (informative) Vehicle barriers and
  parapets for car parks

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EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Structural Fire design procedure
• Section 3 Thermal actions for temperature
  analysis
• Section 4 Mechanical actions for temperature
  analysis
• Annex A (informative) Parametric
  temperature-time curves
• Annex B (informative) Thermal actions for
  external members Simplified calculation method
  
• Annex C (informative) Localised fires
• Annex D (informative) Advanced fire models
• Annex E (informative) Fire load densities
• Annex F (informative) Equivalent time of fire
  exposure
• Annex G (informative) Configuration factor

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EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to
fire ( cont.)
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EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Classification of actions
• Section 3 Design situations
• Section 4 Snow load on the ground
• Section 5 Snow load on roofs
• Section 6 Local effects

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EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads (cont.)

• Annex A (normative) Design situations and load
  arrangements to be used for different locations
• Annex B (normative) Snow load shape
  coefficients for exceptional snow drifts
• Annex C (informative) European Ground Snow Load
  Maps
• Annex D (informative) Adjustment of the ground
  snow load according to the return period
• Annex E (informative) Bulk weight density of
  snow

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EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads (cont.)
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EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Design situations
• Section 3 Modelling of wind actions
• Section 4 Wind velocity and velocity pressure
• Section 5 Wind actions
• Section 6 Structural factor cs cd
• Section 7 Pressure and force coefficients
• Section 8 Wind actions on bridges

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EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions (cont.)

• Annex A (informative) Terrain effects
• Annex B (informative) Procedure 1 for
  determining the structural factor cs cd
• Annex C (informative) Procedure 2 for
  determining the structural factor cs cd
• Annex D (informative) cs cd values for
  different types of structures
• Annex E (informative) Vortex shedding and
  aeroelastic instabilities
• Annex F (informative) Dynamic characteristics
  of structures

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EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Classification of actions
• Section 3 Design situations
• Section 4 Representation of actions
• Section 5 Temperature changes in buildings
• Section 6 Temperature changes in bridges
• Section 7 Temperature changes in industrial
  chimneys, pipelines, silos, tanks and cooling
  towers

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EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions (cont.)

• Annex A (normative) Isotherms of national
  minimum and maximum shade air temperatures.
• Annex B (normative) Temperature differences for
  various surfacing depths
• Annex C (informative) Coefficients of linear
  expansion
• Annex D (informative) Temperature profiles in
  buildings and other construction works

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EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Classification of actions
• Section 3 Design situations and limit states
• Section 4 Representation of actions
• Annex A1 (normative) Supplementary rules for
  buildings
• Annex A2 (normative) Supplementary rules for
  bridges
• Annex B (informative) Actions on structures
  during alteration, reconstruction or demolition

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EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Classification of actions
• Section 3 Design situations
• Section 4 Impact
• Section 5 Internal explosions
• Annex A (informative) Design for consequences
  of localised failure in buildings from an
  unspecified cause
• Annex B (informative) Information on risk
  assessment
• Annex C (informative) Dynamic design for impact
• Annex D (informative) Internal explosions
• - D.1 Dust explosions in rooms, vessels and
  bunkers
• - D.2 Natural gas explosions
• - D.3 Explosions in road and rail tunnels

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EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
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EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
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EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Classification of actions
• Section 3 Design situations
• Section 4 Road traffic actions and other
  actions specifically for road bridges
• Section 5 Actions on footways, cycle tracks and
  footbridges
• Section 6 Traffic actions and other actions
  specifically for railway bridges

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EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

• Annex A (informative) Models of special
  vehicles for road bridges
• Annex B (informative) Fatigue life assessment
  for road bridges assessment method based on
  recorded traffic
• Annex C (normative) Dynamic factors 1 f for
  real trains
• Annex D (normative) Basis for the fatigue
  assessment of railway structures
• Annex E (informative) Limits of validity of
  load model HSLM and the selection of the critical
  universal train from HSLM-A
• Annex F (informative) Criteria to be satisfied
  if a dynamic analysis is not required
• Annex G (informative) Method for determining
  the combined response of a structure and track to
  variable actions
• Annex F (informative) Load models for rail
  traffic loads in transient design situations

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EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)
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EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)
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EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)
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EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)
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EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and
machinery

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Actions induced by hoists and cranes
  on runway beams
• Section 3 Actions induced by machinery
• Annex A (normative) Basis of design -
  Supplementary clauses to EN 1990 for runway beams
  loaded by cranes
• Annex B (informative) Guidance for crane
  classification for fatigue

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EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks

• Forward
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Representation an classification of
  actions
• Section 3 Design situations
• Section 4 Properties of particulate solids
• Section 5 Loads on the vertical walls of silos
• Section 6 Loads on silo hoppers and silo
  bottoms
• Section 7 Loads on tanks from liquids

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EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks (cont.)

• Annex A (normative) Basis of design
  Supplementary paragraphs to EN 1990 for silos and
  tanks
• Annex B (normative) Partial factors and
  combinations of actions on tanks
• Annex C (informative) Measurements of
  properties of solids for silo load evaluation
• Annex D (informative) Evaluation of properties
  of solids for silo load evaluation
• Annex E (informative) Values of the properties
  of particulate solids
• Annex F (informative) Flow pattern
  determination
• Annex G (informative) Alternative rules for
  pressures in hoppers
• Annex H (informative) Actions due to dust
  explosions

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EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks (cont.)
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Background Documents and other supporting
material

• Almost all Eurocodes represent the
  state-of-the-art in the respective scientific and
  technical field at the time of their drafting
• The scientific and technical basis of EN 1991
  included mainly
• - the systematic review of the existing relevant
  national codes and practices
• - consideration of relevant international
  standards (e.g. ISO Standards) or codes (e.g.
  JCSS Model Codes)
• - recent (prenormative) research results (e.g.
  European Snow Map)
• - calibration of load models based on
  probabilistic approaches and appropriate
  measurements (e.g. traffic loads for road bridges)

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Background Documents and other supporting
material (cont.)

• - Well-established relevant international
  literature
• Strictly speaking, as Background Documents (BD)
  are considered all of the aforementioned material
  that has been taken into account by the relevant
  Project Team, during the drafting of the
  Eurocodes.
• All other relevant material, including
  literature, workshops and seminars, handbooks,
  guides and books or articles, are considered to
  be additional information and supporting
  material. A typical example are the 5 handbooks
  prepared in the framework of a Leonardo Da Vinci
  European Project (Handbook 3 is very closely
  linked to EN 1991, since it is dedicated to
  Action Effects on Buildings, and Handbook 4 is
  dedicated to the Design of Bridges). This
  material is accessible on the Eurocodes website.

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Background Documents and other supporting
material (cont.)

• The uploading of the Background Documents (BD)
  for EN 1991 is under way by the Secretary of
  EN/TC250/SC1. Until recently BD have been
  uploaded for the following Parts of EN 1991
• - EN 1991-1-1
• - EN 1991-1-2
• - EN 1991-1-3
• - EN 1991-1-6
• - EN 1991-1-7
• and Handbooks 1 to 5
• Additional information can also be found in the
  relevant websites, e.g. http//eurocodes.jrc.ec.eu
  ropa.eu, and other links (e.g. NSO et al.)

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Present and Future of the EN 1991

• On national level Full implementation. Several
  countries have already issued their national
  standard EN 1991, but uploading of the NDPs in
  the ad-hoc data base of JRC Ispra goes is still
  in progress
• Some prospects for the future
• - Establishing additional load models for new
  railway loads
• - Including eventually the ISO Standards on
  Waves and Currents and on Atmospheric Icing
• - Extending the Eurocodes to include structural
  glass, FRP, membrane structures
• (- Extending the snow map and other climatic data
  to cover the new EU Member States)

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• THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION