Jazz

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Chapter 9

• Jazz

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The birth of jazz

• Shortly after the War of 1812
• From New Orleans, LA
• Instruments included trumpets, trombones,
  clarinets, saxophones, and drums
• A mixture of traditional ethnic music, gospel,
  blues, ragtime, classical (from Creole musicians)

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• Jazz a musical form distinguished by its
  reliance on improvisation and its rhythmic
  urgency
• Polyrhythmic juxtaposing two or more different
  rhythms
• Eubie Blake, James P. Johnson, and Earl Hines set
  norms on stride piano

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Jelly Roll Morton

• Ferdinand Morton
• 1885-1941
• Perfected Dixieland Jazz
• small ensemble, one of each
• instrument, blend of
• simultaneous improvisation
• Black Bottom Stomp

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• Break a measure or two where everyone stops
  playing except the soloist
• Scat singing a form of vocal improvisation on
  nonsense syllables
• Ella Fitzgerald - One Note Samba
• She was discovered as a 17 year old during a
  singing competition at the Apollo Theater. She
  was the first black woman to win a Grammy Award.
  She died in 1996 in California.

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Louis armstrong

• 1898-1991
• From New Orleans
• Trumpet, vocals
• Nicknamed Satchmo
• What A Wonderful World

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• With style of hot jazz sizes of band expanded
• Hotter Than That Lil Hardin

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Reaching chicago

• New style of jazz (1930s) swing the special
  rhythmic character that jazz musicians give to
  the music
• Fletcher Henderson developed swing style and
  expanded jazz ensembles to compliment the style
• Brass section 3 trumpets, 2 trombones
• Reed section 3 or 4 saxes (double clarinets)
• Rhythm section drums, piano, guitar and double
  bass
• Henderson Stomp trading fours

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Big band era

• Mid 1930s, music was primarily for listening, not
  dancing
• Benny Goodman clarinetist, Russian-Jewish
  immigrant family, King of Swing, first/only
  major jazz artist to have a parallel career in
  classical music
• Lester Young played tenor sax, ushered the
  transition from clarinet to sax
• 32 bar form AABA form, standard jazz form
• Bridge a connective part of a composition

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Composers

• Duke Ellington one of the most important
  American composers, wrote over 2000 pieces, It
  Dont Mean a Thing sung by Ella Fitzgerald,
  Cotton Tail
• Chromatic incorporating tones from a musical
  scale consisting entirely of half steps
• Mary Lou Williams popular female composer,
  Zodiac Suite (Gemini)

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1940s and bebop

• Bebop a complex and sophisticated type of
  improvised jazz, for listening rather than
  dancing
• Smaller ensemble than big band/swing, more
  freedom to improvise

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Bebop musicians

• John Birks Dizzy Gillespie trumpet
• Charlie Yardbird Parker alto sax
• Made melodies more chromatic, harmonies and
  rhythms became more complex, rapid tempos and
  dazzling technical displays
• Shaw Nuff by Gillespie and Parker

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• 1950s return to Dixieland and Ragtime styles,
  developed new styles rhythm and blues and
  modal jazz
• Dorian Mode a scale with the pattern of WHWWWHW
• Miles Davis pioneer of modal jazz, So What
• Thelonious Monk Smoke Gets in Your Eyes

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• 1960s/70s free jazz, similar to modal jazz,
  just more complex
• Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and
  Quincy Jones pushed new style of fusion
  combination of jazz and rock
• Birdland - fusion
• So Danco Samba - Latin
• I Got You blues
• Easy Listening Norah Jones, Kenny G