Australian Aquaculture;

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Australian Aquaculture

• Aquaculture, is defined most simply as the
  farming of aquatic organizations for human food.
• Definition FAO 1990
• the farming of aquatic organisms including fish,
  mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming
  implies some form of intervention in the rearing
  process to enhance production, such as regular
  stocking, feeding, protection from predators,
  etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate
  ownership of the stock being cultivated.

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Australia

• Australia has an Aquaculture industry worth
  nearly A500 million and is the fastest growing
  primary industry.
• In developed countries aquaculture is generally
  used to produce high value luxury items for
  either local consumption or for export.
• A good example of luxury items produced for
  export is the farming of blue fin tuna and kuruma
  prawn in Australia.

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Species cultured in Australia

• Aquaculture was worth in 1997-98 A491.4 million
  dollars.
• These are salmonoid fin fishes A83 million.
• Pearl oyster A211.9 million.
• Edible oysters A49 million.

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The Aquaculture industry has recently switched
from land-based rearing of rainbow trout
(Ocorhynchus mykiss). And brown trout (Salmo
trutta)To sea-based rearing of Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar).
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Salmonid cont

• This species will continue to dominate
  aquaculture in Australia for the next several
  years.

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Australia

• It is also important to note that produce that
  was a luxury a few years back may not be so
  now. As prices become cheaper the Aquaculture
  items become in more demand.
• It is also important to note the social
  acceptance as well as being affordable.
• For instance common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a
  popular species throughout Asia and Europe.
• In Australia however, carp is considered to be
  inedible by a large proportion of the population
  and its market value is low.

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Provision of employment opportunities

• Development of an aquaculture industry,
  particularly one directed at producing a high
  value product, has the dual advantages of
  providing employment opportunities in rural areas
  and is a source of foreign exchange for that
  country.

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Supplementation of wild stock

• At this point in time recreational trout
  fisheries is in place for Australia.
• The trout stocking programs in Australia were
  driven entirely by an angling fraternity.
  European settlers wishing to maintain some of
  their traditional recreational activities formed
  acclimatization societies and imported
• various species, among them trout to the newly
  settled countries Subsequent stocking of waters
  with hatchery-bred fish resulted in considerable
  populations
• of trout which form the basis of major
  recreational fisheries.

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Supplementation of wild stocks cont

• Another purpose of a planned stocking program of
  stock is with species such as the Macquarie perch
  Macquarie australascia, trout cod Macquaries with
  a view to rehabilitating the depleted wild
  stocks.
• In most cases technology developed by government
  subsidized hatcheries has subsequently formed the
  basis for the development of an aquaculture
  industry directed at producing animals for human
  consumption at a profit.

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Murry Cod, Macculochella peeli

• The Murry Cod is a popular sport fish and is also
  consumed as a finfish for human consumption.
  Although due to habitat change due to rising
  temperatures we are seeing the depletion of wild
  stocks.
• And has seen Murry Cod listed in the Biodiversity
  Act protecting the species.

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Biodiversity act

• The listing of Murry Cod as Vulnerable applies
  to the conservation and regulation as a species.
• Biodiversity Protection and Biodiversity
  Conservation Act 1999
• Vulnerable

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Murry cod a government inspired theme for
restocking. And replenishment practicing sound
ecological practices
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Macculochella peeli, Murry cod
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Details of breeding temperatures

• 14.5-19.5 degrees Celsius is the
• Reproductive temperature for the species although
  due to increasing temperatures as caused through
  global warming causing loss of habitat and
  species becoming more restricted over time.

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Ornamental fish

• Is worth hundreds of millions of dollars in
  Australia alone.
• Common goldfish Carassius auratus being the most
  notable.
• Culture of ornamental fish can be extremely
  profitable since they are generally sold at a
  small size and price per weight is extremely high.

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Ornamentals in the ecological race
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More from the genera Melanotaneia
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Economics of production

• At this present state Aquanet Place is involved
  with water quality equipment for scientifically
  testing your water on a large scale and
  renumerating the data.
• The stock maintenance is a conservative
  performance when coming to dissolved oxygen
  meters and is an interest to Australian
  Aquaculture..

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Water meters providing great service and
reliability
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Resun at home at Aquanet Place
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Providing intensive performance
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For intensive Aquaculture operations
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Nutrition in Australia

• The aquaculture industry is relatively new in
  Australia. The fish feed industry is in its
  initial phase of development.
• The industry is concentrated in Tasmania which
  caters to the salmonid culture, and in
  Queensland. One recommendation by scientific
  performance is FRIPPAK
• Please see Handout.
• There are very few, fish feed manufacturers. Most
  fish feed manufacturers are animal feed
  manufactures and fish feeds are only of secondary
  importance.

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Scientific physiology at Aquanet Place

• At this present moment we are in research at
  Aquanet Place detailing the aspects of physiology
  through the use of mtDNA and how these can change
  through introgression Hybridization to form new
  species. Looking at Eretmodus cyanostictus and
  Tanganicodus irsacrcae from Lake Tanganyika.
• Hybridization of the southern morph in a genome
  that represents 6.2 difference in physiological
  shape and morphology in the genome.

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Northern race of Eretmodus cyanostictus
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Spathodus erythrodon southern variation
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Tanganicodus irsarcae morphology a more
successful adaptation to its surroundings with
little genetic variation.
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Tanganicodus irsarcae dentition
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Water Quality and water types

• Levee ponds are probably used most commonly in
  commercial aquaculture, for these ponds are easy
  to construct and the water supply may be readily
  controlled.
• Optimal Ph and Temperature should be maintained
  approximately between 7.2-7.8 to aid
  fertilization of these ponds with added
  nutrients.

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Here we can apply measurements in water quality

• Sample parameters of our hatcheries we
  concentrate mainly on
• DO
• NH2
• NO2
• Ph
• Temperature
• Nitrate
• Solids
• Alkalinity

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Fish Health Management in Australian Aquaculture

• The importance of disease diagnosis and control
  to Australian aquaculture cannot be ignored.
• In Northern Australia disease has been the major
  factor limiting the expansion of barramundi and
  penaeid prawn farming, with viruses being
  primarily responsible.
• In the case of mollusks, introduction from other
  geographic areas for aquaculture has frequently
  resulted in the introduction of devastating
  pathogens in native stocks
• (Berthe 2000)